充填(tian)法是指伴隨落(luo)礦(kuang)(kuang)、運搬及其(qi)他作業的(de)同(tong)時，用充填(tian)料充填(tian)采空區(qu)的(de)方法。充填(tian)的(de)目的(de)是支護(hu)采空區(qu)兩(liang)幫(bang)巖(yan)石(shi)，并為繼(ji)續進行(xing)上(shang)面(mian)分層回采造成立足(zu)的(de)底板。它適用于(yu)礦(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)和(he)圍巖(yan)不(bu)穩固，不(bu)允(yun)許有較大(da)暴露面(mian)的(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)床;地表(biao)需要保護(hu)的(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)床;稀有或高品位(wei)的(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)床;有自燃性的(de)硫化礦(kuang)(kuang)床;賦存條件(jian)復(fu)雜的(de)礦(kuang)(kuang)床等(deng)。

礦山充填的目的：

1、支護(hu)巖層(ceng)，控制(zhi)采場地壓(ya)活動(dong);

2、防止地表(biao)沉陷，保護(hu)地表(biao)地物;

3、提供繼續向上回(hui)采的工作平臺(tai)(類似于留礦法功能);

4、改善礦(kuang)柱受力(li)狀(zhuang)態(由單軸受壓變(bian)為三軸受壓)，采空區(qu)泵(beng)送充填成套設(she)備廠家，保證(zheng)大限度地回收礦(kuang)產資(zi)源;

5、保證安全回采(cai)有(you)內閃火(huo)災危(wei)險的高(gao)硫(liu)礦床;

6、控制(zhi)深(shen)井開采巖(yan)爆，降低深(shen)部地溫;

7、保(bao)證露天(tian)、地下聯合開采時生產的安全(quan);

8、處(chu)理(li)同體廢料(liao)，保(bao)護(hu)環境。

我國是礦(kuang)業大國，山西充填(tian)，礦(kuang)產資源(yuan)豐富(fu)，***約有各類礦(kuang)山企業16.5萬座。據不(bu)完(wan)全統計，每年尾(wei)砂排(pai)放(fang)量高達15億噸(dun)以上，如何妥善處(chu)理如此巨大的尾(wei)砂量一直(zhi)是礦(kuang)業界急需解決的難題。

目前，煤矸石充(chong)填(tian)系統(tong)有那些設(she)備組成(cheng)，尾(wei)砂(sha)處理方式(shi)分(fen)為(wei)兩類，一(yi)種是采用地面尾(wei)礦(kuang)(kuang)庫(ku)堆(dui)(dui)存(cun)(cun)，將選礦(kuang)(kuang)廠(chang)(chang)產(chan)生的(de)(de)尾(wei)砂(sha)經(jing)濃密或(huo)壓濾后(hou)輸(shu)送(song)(song)至尾(wei)礦(kuang)(kuang)庫(ku)堆(dui)(dui)存(cun)(cun)，尾(wei)砂(sha)堆(dui)(dui)存(cun)(cun)分(fen)為(wei)干堆(dui)(dui)或(huo)濕(shi)堆(dui)(dui)兩種方式(shi)；另一(yi)種是用于井下(xia)采空(kong)區充(chong)填(tian)，將濃縮后(hou)的(de)(de)選廠(chang)(chang)尾(wei)砂(sha)直接或(huo)與膠凝材料混合攪拌形成(cheng)的(de)(de)充(chong)填(tian)料漿輸(shu)送(song)(song)至井下(xia)回(hui)填(tian)采空(kong)區，充(chong)填(tian)料漿輸(shu)送(song)(song)方式(shi)有自(zi)流或(huo)泵送(song)(song)兩種。近年來，國內尾(wei)砂(sha)處置主要采用井下(xia)充(chong)填(tian)為(wei)主、尾(wei)礦(kuang)(kuang)庫(ku)堆(dui)(dui)存(cun)(cun)為(wei)輔的(de)(de)處理方式(shi)。

充(chong)(chong)填(tian)法是利用地表中露(lu)天剝離的(de)廢(fei)石、開(kai)采(cai)(cai)廢(fei)石或(huo)選礦尾砂作為主要充(chong)(chong)填(tian)骨料，煤礦回填(tian)充(chong)(chong)填(tian)系(xi)統(tong)設備構成，建(jian)立(li)充(chong)(chong)填(tian)系(xi)統(tong)，然后(hou)通過采(cai)(cai)空(kong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)鉆(zhan)孔、天井(jing)(jing)或(huo)充(chong)(chong)填(tian)管道(dao)將充(chong)(chong)填(tian)料自流(或(huo)加壓)充(chong)(chong)填(tian)至井(jing)(jing)下采(cai)(cai)空(kong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。用充(chong)(chong)填(tian)法處理采(cai)(cai)空(kong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，一方面(mian)要求對采(cai)(cai)空(kong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)位置、大(da)小以及與相(xiang)鄰采(cai)(cai)空(kong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)所有(you)通道(dao)了解清楚，以便(bian)對采(cai)(cai)空(kong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)進(jin)行封閉，加設隔離墻，進(jin)行充(chong)(chong)填(tian)脫水或(huo)防止充(chong)(chong)填(tian)料流失；另一方面(mian)，采(cai)(cai)空(kong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)中必須能(neng)有(you)鉆(zhan)孔、巷(xiang)道(dao)或(huo)天井(jing)(jing)相(xiang)通，以便(bian)充(chong)(chong)填(tian)料能(neng)直(zhi)接進(jin)入采(cai)(cai)空(kong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，達到密實(shi)、充(chong)(chong)填(tian)采(cai)(cai)空(kong)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)目的(de)。

充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)系(xi)統是將充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)從制(zhi)備(bei)、倉儲、制(zhi)漿(jiang)到輸(shu)(shu)送(song)至充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)區的(de)(de)各(ge)個環節或單(dan)元(yuan)的(de)(de)總成。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)方法與充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)輸(shu)(shu)送(song)方法不(bu)(bu)同，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)系(xi)統的(de)(de)組成單(dan)元(yuan)和(he)功(gong)能不(bu)(bu)同。就應用普遍的(de)(de)水力輸(shu)(shu)送(song)而言，一(yi)般包(bao)括充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)制(zhi)備(bei)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)倉儲、料(liao)漿(jiang)制(zhi)備(bei)與計量(liang)控制(zhi)、管路輸(shu)(shu)送(song)等4個模塊。金屬(shu)礦(kuang)山和(he)煤礦(kuang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)在充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)系(xi)統設計上(shang)差別很大，主要(yao)原(yuan)因是充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)料(liao)的(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)同。 金屬(shu)礦(kuang)山主要(yao)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)尾礦(kuang)砂(sha)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)站設置料(liao)倉或堆(dui)場，采用振動放(fang)料(liao)形式，通過(guo)皮帶傳送(song)至攪拌桶制(zhi)漿(jiang)。