綠色化建筑(zhu)當(dang)中室內氡濃度(du)的限(xian)制

氡(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)一種線性(xing)無無闖值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)致癌(ai)物(wu)質，如(ru)果(guo)處(chu)于(yu)(yu)(yu)高(gao)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)濃(nong)度(du)(du)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)空(kong)間長時(shi)間會極(ji)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)提升(sheng)器(qi)致癌(ai)幾率。氫在(zai)大自然當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)存儲和運(yun)動規(gui)律當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，土壤當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)濃(nong)度(du)(du)相對較高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)區地(di)下(xia)室(shi)(shi)空(kong)間以及低層建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)部等多種建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)材施工(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造的(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)物(wu)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)部，土壤中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)濃(nong)度(du)(du)檢測，都(dou)屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)潛在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)空(kong)間。需(xu)要(yao)(yao)根(gen)據實際情(qing)況來對室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)允許劑量(liang)進行(xing)研究和制定。在(zai)我國的(de)(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)色建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)和健康建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)評價當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，對于(yu)(yu)(yu)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)濃(nong)度(du)(du)限值(zhi)規(gui)定，屬于(yu)(yu)(yu)我國現(xian)階段影響力且使用(yong)范圍(wei)(wei)交廣的(de)(de)(de)(de)綠(lv)色建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)在(zai)很(hen)多的(de)(de)(de)(de)地(di)方省市當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)都(dou)將(jiang)該標準進行(xing)強制執行(xing)。在(zai)《綠(lv)色建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)評價標準》當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，規(gui)定了(le)室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)濃(nong)度(du)(du)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)在(zai)10%到20%的(de)(de)(de)(de)范圍(wei)(wei)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)，在(zai)基(ji)礎權重不(bu)變的(de)(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上利(li)用(yong)多個維度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)硬性(xing)指(zhi)標來提升(sheng)高(gao)綠(lv)色建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)和品(pin)質鼓勵室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)年(nian)均氨濃(nong)度(du)(du)不(bu)大于(yu)(yu)(yu)200Bq/m，繼續降低室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)空(kong)氣的(de)(de)(de)(de)放(fang)射性(xing)。在(zai)該規(gui)定當(dang)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，根(gen)據控(kong)制室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)環境(jing)污染的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，氡(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)濃(nong)度(du)(du)檢測，將(jiang)民(min)(min)用(yong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程劃分為(wei)I類和I類，對于(yu)(yu)(yu)包含(han)住宅在(zai)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)的(de)(de)(de)(de) I類民(min)(min)用(yong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程室(shi)(shi)內(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)(nei)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)濃(nong)度(du)(du)年(nian)平(ping)均值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)為(wei)200Bq/m。

根據《民用(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程室內環境污染控制(zhi)規(gui)范》GB50325-2010（2013年版），新(xin)、擴建(jian)的民用(yong)建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程設計(ji)前，必須進行建(jian)筑(zhu)場地土壤中氡濃度測定，并提供相應檢測報告。

新建(jian)、擴建(jian)的(de)民用建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工程(cheng)，當工程(cheng)處于地(di)(di)質構(gou)(gou)造斷(duan)裂(lie)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)，必須進(jin)行(xing)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度測定；Ⅰ類(lei)民用建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工程(cheng)處于非地(di)(di)質構(gou)(gou)造斷(duan)裂(lie)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)，土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度檢(jian)測方案，當有工程(cheng)地(di)(di)質條件相似的(de)場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)證(zheng)明工程(cheng)地(di)(di)點的(de)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度不高(gao)于周圍非地(di)(di)質構(gou)(gou)造斷(duan)裂(lie)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)的(de)5倍的(de)，可以(yi)(yi)不進(jin)行(xing)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度測定，否則應進(jin)行(xing)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度測定;Ⅱ類(lei)民用建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)工程(cheng)處于非地(di)(di)質構(gou)(gou)造斷(duan)裂(lie)區(qu)(qu)域(yu)(yu)時，土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度檢(jian)測布點，可以(yi)(yi)不進(jin)行(xing)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)場(chang)(chang)地(di)(di)土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)(zhong)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度測定。需要在開(kai)槽(cao)前(qian)做土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)(rang)氡(dong)(dong)(dong)濃(nong)(nong)(nong)(nong)度檢(jian)測。

土(tu)壤氡濃度檢測標準(zhun)限值：

民用(yong)建筑(zhu)建筑(zhu)工程土(tu)壤中氡濃度(Bq/m3)≤10000或(huo)土(tu)壤表面氡析出率測定結果平(ping)均(jun)值不大于0.02Bq/(m2·s)。

室內氡污染的來(lai)歷大概有(you)4條途徑：地(di)基和周圍土壤、修(xiu)建裝(zhuang)修(xiu)資料(liao)、室外(wai)宇宙射線和空(kong)氣中的氡及(ji)其(qi)子體、和地(di)下(xia)水。

其中大部分(fen)氡來自地基和周圍土壤中。

一、氡對人(ren)類(lei)的健(jian)康危害(hai)

   氡對人(ren)類的健康(kang)危害主要表現為確定性效(xiao)應和隨機效(xiao)應。

   1. 確定(ding)性效應表現為：在(zai)高(gao)濃度氡(dong)的(de)暴(bao)露下，集(ji)體出現血細胞的(de)變化。氡(dong)對人體脂肪(fang)有很(hen)高(gao)的(de)親和(he)力，特別是氡(dong)與神經系(xi)統結合后(hou)，危害更大。

   2. 隨機效應主(zhu)要表現為(wei)的(de)發生(sheng)(sheng)。由于氡是性(xing)氣體，當人(ren)們吸入(ru)體內(nei)后(hou)，氡衰變發生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)阿爾法粒(li)子可在(zai)人(ren)的(de)呼(hu)吸系統造(zao)成輻射損傷，誘發。研究表明，氡是除吸煙以(yi)外引(yin)起的(de)第二大因素，世界衛(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)組織把它列為(wei)19種主(zhu)要的(de)環境致(zhi)癌物(wu)質(zhi)之一，國(guo)際研究機構也(ye)認為(wei)氡是室內(nei)重要致(zhi)癌物(wu)質(zhi)。