集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)代電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)技術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)涉(she)及多種關鍵(jian)(jian)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。其(qi)(qi)(qi)中，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)具(ju)有優異的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)半導(dao)體性能(neng)(neng)(neng)，可(ke)以通過摻(chan)雜磷、硼等元素來改(gai)變其(qi)(qi)(qi)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性，這使得硅(gui)(gui)(gui)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)晶體管(guan)、二極管(guan)等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)器件的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)理想(xiang)選擇(ze)。此外，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)基集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)具(ju)有成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)熟(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)工藝和(he)(he)較低(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本，因此得到了(le)廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。在集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)過程中，硅(gui)(gui)(gui)晶圓是(shi)(shi)(shi)基礎材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。硅(gui)(gui)(gui)晶圓是(shi)(shi)(shi)一種由高(gao)(gao)純度(du)(du)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)圓形(xing)薄片，其(qi)(qi)(qi)表面涂有光刻(ke)膠，用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)圖案。由于(yu)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)晶圓的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)純度(du)(du)極高(gao)(gao)，摻(chan)雜元素含量(liang)極低(di)(di)，因此非常適合作(zuo)(zuo)為(wei)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。除了(le)硅(gui)(gui)(gui)之外，金(jin)屬也是(shi)(shi)(shi)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。例如，鋁(lv)和(he)(he)銅(tong)在集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中發揮著關鍵(jian)(jian)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。鋁(lv)能(neng)(neng)(neng)夠承受高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)，并具(ju)有良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)導(dao)率(lv)和(he)(he)可(ke)焊(han)性，因此在集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。而銅(tong)則因其(qi)(qi)(qi)低(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、高(gao)(gao)強度(du)(du)和(he)(he)良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)耐腐蝕性，在現(xian)代集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)中得到了(le)廣泛(fan)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)線和(he)(he)焊(han)盤。此外，還有一些其(qi)(qi)(qi)他材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)也用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)。例如，氮化硅(gui)(gui)(gui)和(he)(he)氧化硅(gui)(gui)(gui)是(shi)(shi)(shi)具(ju)有優良絕緣性能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)絕緣層和(he)(he)介(jie)質層。金(jin)則因其(qi)(qi)(qi)優良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)導(dao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)，被用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)焊(han)盤和(he)(he)接點。綜上所述，集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)造(zao)(zao)涉(she)及多種關鍵(jian)(jian)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)，其(qi)(qi)(qi)中硅(gui)(gui)(gui)和(he)(he)金(jin)屬是(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)。這些材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)選擇(ze)和(he)(he)應(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)對(dui)集(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性能(neng)(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)穩定性起著至關重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。

集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)是一(yi)(yi)種微(wei)(wei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)器件(jian)或部(bu)件(jian)，它(ta)通(tong)過特定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)藝(yi)將晶(jing)體(ti)管、電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻、電(dian)(dian)(dian)容等(deng)(deng)元件(jian)及布線互連(lian)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)在(zai)一(yi)(yi)小塊或幾小塊半導體(ti)晶(jing)片或介質(zhi)基片上(shang)，然后(hou)封裝在(zai)一(yi)(yi)個管殼內，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)具有所需電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)功能的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)微(wei)(wei)型(xing)結構。這種技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)使(shi)得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)元件(jian)向著(zhu)微(wei)(wei)小型(xing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、低(di)功耗、智能化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)高(gao)可靠性方(fang)面邁進了(le)一(yi)(yi)大步。集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)明是電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)工(gong)業發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)大里(li)程碑。它(ta)解(jie)決(jue)了(le)早期(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)計算(suan)機體(ti)積龐大、無法移(yi)(yi)動(dong)(dong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)問題，使(shi)得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)能夠(gou)更(geng)(geng)加(jia)緊湊和(he)。集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應用范圍非(fei)常廣泛，涵蓋(gai)了(le)通(tong)信(xin)、計算(suan)機、消費電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)等(deng)(deng)多(duo)個領域(yu)。如今，集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)已經成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為現代電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)中(zhong)不(bu)(bu)可或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)部(bu)分。隨(sui)著(zhu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)(duan)進步，線路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)板電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻片，集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)也在(zai)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)(duan)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。微(wei)(wei)型(xing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、高(gao)速(su)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)和(he)低(di)功耗化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重要趨勢(shi)。微(wei)(wei)型(xing)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)使(shi)得(de)集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)能夠(gou)在(zai)更(geng)(geng)小的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)空間內實(shi)現更(geng)(geng)復雜的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)功能，提高(gao)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性能和(he)功耗。高(gao)速(su)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)則(ze)滿足了(le)通(tong)信(xin)和(he)計算(suan)需求不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)(duan)增長的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)要求，使(shi)得(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)能夠(gou)更(geng)(geng)快地(di)進行(xing)數據處理(li)和(he)傳輸。低(di)功耗化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)則(ze)延長了(le)移(yi)(yi)動(dong)(dong)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池壽命，提高(gao)了(le)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)使(shi)用時間。總(zong)之(zhi)，集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)是現代電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)工(gong)業的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)，它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)應用推動(dong)(dong)了(le)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)(zi)設(she)備(bei)(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進步和(he)普及。隨(sui)著(zhu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)(bu)斷(duan)(duan)創新和(he)發(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)，集(ji)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)(lu)將在(zai)未來(lai)繼續發(fa)揮重要作(zuo)用，為人(ren)類的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生活帶(dai)來(lai)更(geng)(geng)多(duo)便利和(he)進步。

PCB線路板(ban)的制作流程大致可以分(fen)為以下幾個步驟(zou)：

裁板(ban)：將PCB基板(ban)裁剪成生(sheng)產尺(chi)寸。

前處理：清潔(jie)PCB基(ji)板表(biao)(biao)面，去除(chu)表(biao)(biao)面污染(ran)物。

壓膜：將(jiang)干(gan)膜貼(tie)在(zai)PCB基板表層，為后(hou)續(xu)的圖像轉移做準(zhun)備。

曝光(guang)：使用(yong)曝光(guang)設備利用(yong)紫(zi)外光(guang)對覆(fu)膜基板(ban)進行曝光(guang)，將基板(ban)的圖像轉移至干膜上。

顯影、蝕刻、去(qu)膜：完成圖(tu)像的轉(zhuan)移(yi)后，通過顯影、蝕刻、去(qu)膜等工藝(yi)制(zhi)作出導電圖(tu)形(xing)。

內(nei)檢(jian)：檢(jian)測及維修(xiu)板子線(xian)路，包括AOI光(guang)學掃描、VRS檢(jian)修(xiu)和補線(xian)等。

壓(ya)合：將多個內(nei)層(ceng)板(ban)壓(ya)合成一張板(ban)子，包(bao)括棕化、鉚(liu)合、疊合壓(ya)合等步(bu)驟(zou)。

鉆孔：按照客戶要求鉆出(chu)直徑不同、大小不一(yi)的孔洞，以便后續加工(gong)插件和散熱。

后續處理(li)：包(bao)括清潔、印刷文字、表面(mian)處理(li)OSP、成型、飛針測試等步驟。

FQC：終檢測，完成(cheng)所有(you)工序后(hou)進(jin)行抽(chou)樣全(quan)檢。

包裝(zhuang)、出庫：將做好的PCB板子真空包裝(zhuang)，進行打包發貨。