花崗(gang)(gang)(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)是一種分(fen)(fen)布(bu)廣泛的巖(yan)(yan)(yan)石(shi)，各個地(di)質(zhi)時代(dai)都(dou)有(you)產(chan)出。形態多為(wei)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)基、巖(yan)(yan)(yan)株、巖(yan)(yan)(yan)鐘等(deng)。在成(cheng)(cheng)因方面，有(you)人(ren)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)花崗(gang)(gang)(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)是地(di)殼深處(chu)的花崗(gang)(gang)(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)漿經冷凝結晶或由玄(xuan)武(wu)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)漿結晶分(fen)(fen)異而成(cheng)(cheng)。也有(you)人(ren)認(ren)(ren)為(wei)是區域變質(zhi)和交代(dai)作(zuo)用所引起(qi)的花崗(gang)(gang)(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)化作(zuo)用的結果。許(xu)多有(you)色(se)(se)金(jin)屬礦產(chan)如(ru)銅、鉛、鋅、鎢(wu)、錫(xi)、鉍、鉬等(deng)，貴l金(jin)屬如(ru)金(jin)、銀等(deng)，稀有(you)金(jin)屬如(ru)鈮、鉭、鈹等(deng)，放l射性元素如(ru)鈾、釷等(deng)都(dou)與(yu)花崗(gang)(gang)(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)有(you)關。花崗(gang)(gang)(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)結構均勻， 質(zhi)地(di)堅硬。抗壓強(qiang)度(du)根據石(shi)材品(pin)種和產(chan)地(di)不(bu)同而異，約為(wei)1000-3000公斤/厘(li)米。花崗(gang)(gang)(gang)巖(yan)(yan)(yan)不(bu)易(yi)風化，顏色(se)(se)美觀(guan)(guan)，外觀(guan)(guan)色(se)(se)澤可(ke)保持百年以(yi)上(shang)，由于其硬度(du)高(gao)(gao)、耐磨(mo)損，除了用作(zuo)高(gao)(gao)等(deng)級(ji)建(jian)筑裝飾工程、大(da)廳地(di)面外，還是露天雕刻的首要選之材加工好的成(cheng)(cheng)品(pin)飾面石(shi)材。

凱爾(er)霍提出了他(ta)的“變成作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)”學說來代替上述觀念(nian)。這(zhe)一(yi)論點的看法是：早(zao)期巖體(ti)為(wei)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)緩(huan)慢而穩(wen)定(ding)的過(guo)程(cheng)改造成為(wei)花(hua)崗巖和正長巖。凱爾(er)霍將這(zhe)一(yi)過(guo)程(cheng)稱之(zhi)為(wei)“造花(hua)崗巖作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)”(granitification)。他(ta)并(bing)聲稱找(zhao)到過(guo)一(yi)個(ge)(ge)由沉積(ji)巖轉(zhuan)變為(wei)花(hua)崗巖的實例；對于這(zhe)一(yi)變化(hua)他(ta)既(ji)沒重視與深(shen)部現象的聯系也沒考慮所(suo)涉及的溫度升高。

檐(yan)(yan)(yan)墻(qiang)：分后(hou)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)墻(qiang)和(he)前(qian)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)墻(qiang)。后(hou)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)墻(qiang)有(you)(you)兩種(zhong)(zhong)做(zuo)法，一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是露出(chu)椽(chuan)子(zi)，叫露檐(yan)(yan)(yan)出(chu)，一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)是不露出(chu)椽(chuan)子(zi)，叫封后(hou)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)。封后(hou)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)要做(zuo)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)。磚(zhuan)(zhuan)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)幾(ji)種(zhong)(zhong)基本做(zuo)法：菱角(jiao)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)：頭(tou)層(ceng)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)+菱角(jiao)+蓋(gai)(gai)板(ban)；雞(ji)嗉檐(yan)(yan)(yan)：頭(tou)層(ceng)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)+半(ban)混+蓋(gai)(gai)板(ban)；抽屜檐(yan)(yan)(yan)：頭(tou)層(ceng)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)+抽屜+蓋(gai)(gai)板(ban)；冰(bing)盤(pan)(pan)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)：冰(bing)盤(pan)(pan)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)是磚(zhuan)(zhuan)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)中比較精細的(de)做(zuo)法，其基本組成(cheng)是直檐(yan)(yan)(yan)+半(ban)混+梟+蓋(gai)(gai)板(ban)，一(yi)般做(zuo)四層(ceng)到八(ba)(ba)層(ceng)，中間可添(tian)加爐口磚(zhuan)(zhuan)、小圓(yuan)混、連珠混，金山(shan)石石材，磚(zhuan)(zhuan)椽(chuan)子(zi)(方椽(chuan)，圓(yuan)椽(chuan))等，靈活配置，達到美觀效(xiao)果。大檐(yan)(yan)(yan)子(zi)：指冰(bing)盤(pan)(pan)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)的(de)其他變化型。其他類(lei)型：除以(yi)上種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)之(zhi)外，還有(you)(you)折(zhe)子(zi)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)，雞(ji)子(zi)混，燈(deng)籠檐(yan)(yan)(yan)，八(ba)(ba)不蹭，還有(you)(you)多層(ceng)菱角(jiao)檐(yan)(yan)(yan)，等等。磚(zhuan)(zhuan)券(quan)(quan)：有(you)(you)平券(quan)(quan)，半(ban)圓(yuan)券(quan)(quan)，圓(yuan)光券(quan)(quan)，車棚券(quan)(quan)，木梳背(bei)券(quan)(quan)等發券(quan)(quan)：有(you)(you)券(quan)(quan)磚(zhuan)(zhuan)，有(you)(you)伏磚(zhuan)(zhuan)，統稱幾(ji)券(quan)(quan)幾(ji)伏。