家庭(ting)光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)時(shi)，要(yao)(yao)求屋(wu)頂的周(zhou)圍沒有(you)大(da)(da)面積的遮擋，如果(guo)在意裝(zhuang)(zhuang)機屋(wu)頂的東(dong)、南、西方向有(you)高大(da)(da)建筑或者高大(da)(da)樹木，安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)時(shi)需要(yao)(yao)注(zhu)意，光(guang)伏電(dian)(dian)站，根據當(dang)地的太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)傾(qing)角(jiao)和太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)一天的運動軌跡(ji)來(lai)(lai)判斷(duan)是(shi)否可(ke)以裝(zhuang)(zhuang)，分(fen)布式光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)站，或者避開陰影至多(duo)可(ke)以裝(zhuang)(zhuang)多(duo)少規模。獨立光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)也叫離網光(guang)伏發電(dian)(dian)。主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)由(you)(you)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)件、控制器(qi)(qi)、蓄電(dian)(dian)池(chi)組(zu)成(cheng)，若要(yao)(yao)為交流負載供電(dian)(dian)，還需要(yao)(yao)配(pei)置交流逆變器(qi)(qi)。太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)一種由(you)(you)于(yu)光(guang)生伏應，而將太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)能(neng)(neng)直接轉化(hua)為電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的器(qi)(qi)件，是(shi)一個半導(dao)體光(guang)電(dian)(dian)二(er)極管，當(dang)太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)照到光(guang)電(dian)(dian)二(er)極管上時(shi)，光(guang)電(dian)(dian)二(er)極管就會把太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)的光(guang)能(neng)(neng)變成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)，產(chan)生電(dian)(dian)流。當(dang)許多(duo)個電(dian)(dian)池(chi)串聯或并聯起來(lai)(lai)，就可(ke)以成(cheng)為有(you)比(bi)較大(da)(da)的輸出功(gong)率的太(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)方陣了。

光(guang)發發電的(de)(de)(de)原理(li)(li)是，太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)光(guang)照在半導體(ti)p-n結上，形成新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)空穴-電子(zi)對，在p-n結內建電場的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用下(xia)，空穴由n區(qu)(qu)流(liu)(liu)向p區(qu)(qu)，電子(zi)由p區(qu)(qu)流(liu)(liu)向n區(qu)(qu)，接(jie)通電路后就(jiu)形成電流(liu)(liu)。這就(jiu)是光(guang)電效應太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)工作(zuo)原理(li)(li)。獨立光(guang)伏電站包括邊遠地(di)區(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)村(cun)莊(zhuang)供(gong)電系統(tong)，太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)戶用電源(yuan)系統(tong)，通信(xin)信(xin)號電源(yuan)、陰極保護(hu)、太(tai)(tai)陽(yang)(yang)能(neng)路燈等各種帶有蓄電池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)可以獨立運行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)光(guang)伏發電系統(tong)。光(guang)伏與傳統(tong)水處理(li)(li)市政設施相(xiang)結合(he)，通過(guo)光(guang)伏水務(wu)模式，能(neng)夠有效降(jiang)低水處理(li)(li)成本和單位水處理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)碳排放(fang)。再如光(guang)伏農(nong)業(ye)科技大棚(peng)，棚(peng)頂安裝光(guang)伏電池(chi)或集熱器，柔性透光(guang)，適合(he)于某些農(nong)作(zuo)物(wu)和經濟作(zuo)物(wu)生長，也能(neng)實現工業(ye)化和土地(di)的(de)(de)(de)高產(chan)出(chu)。

并網(wang)(wang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)有集中(zhong)式大(da)型并網(wang)(wang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)一(yi)般都是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，主要(yao)特(te)點是將所發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)直(zhi)接輸(shu)送到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)，由電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)統一(yi)調配(pei)向用(yong)戶供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。分(fen)布(bu)式光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統，又(you)稱(cheng)分(fen)散(san)式發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)或(huo)(huo)分(fen)布(bu)式供能(neng)(neng)(neng)，是指(zhi)在用(yong)戶現(xian)(xian)場或(huo)(huo)靠(kao)近用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現(xian)(xian)場配(pei)置(zhi)較小(xiao)的(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)造價(jia)，以(yi)滿足特(te)定用(yong)戶的(de)需求(qiu)(qiu)，支持(chi)現(xian)(xian)存(cun)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)的(de)經濟運行，或(huo)(huo)者同時滿足這兩個(ge)方(fang)面的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)。中(zhong)國太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)站(zhan)(zhan)潛力巨大(da)，配(pei)合積極穩(wen)定的(de)政策扶持(chi)，到2030年(nian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)裝機(ji)容量將達1億千瓦(wa)，年(nian)發(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量可達1.3億兆瓦(wa)時，相當于少(shao)建30多個(ge)大(da)型煤電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠。在屋頂(ding)(ding)上(shang)鋪設光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池板(ban)(ban)具(ju)有隔熱效果，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)為(wei)企業屋面建立了(le)(le)保(bao)溫層，改(gai)善(shan)了(le)(le)屋面的(de)保(bao)溫條件，增加了(le)(le)中(zhong)間空氣循(xun)環，減少(shao)了(le)(le)直(zhi)射陽(yang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)，太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)，有效地降(jiang)低(di)(di)了(le)(le)屋頂(ding)(ding)地板(ban)(ban)的(de)3~5度(du)溫度(du)，不僅降(jiang)低(di)(di)了(le)(le)能(neng)(neng)(neng)耗，而且降(jiang)低(di)(di)了(le)(le)工廠內部溫度(du)，改(gai)善(shan)了(le)(le)工人的(de)工作環境(jing)，降(jiang)低(di)(di)了(le)(le)夏季降(jiang)溫成本。