光伏(fu)發電(dian)工程造價指標（2017版）的使用說明

1.本指(zhi)標(biao)作用一是指(zhi)導審核設計概算，二(er)審核管理概算的主要依(yi)據。

2.本指標按(an)(an)新(xin)建(jian)項目編制，續建(jian)項目對照指標按(an)(an)實際情況增減相應費用。

3.核定(ding)項目管(guan)理概算時，對下列建設(she)條件存在(zai)的差異可在(zai)本(ben)指(zhi)標基礎上調整，以反映各項目合理的造價控制指(zhi)標。

（1）場(chang)址(zhi)地(di)(di)質地(di)(di)貌條件不(bu)同，特別是喀(ka)斯特地(di)(di)貌等，光伏發電工程(cheng)(cheng)造價系統公(gong)司，對場(chang)站基礎(chu)（包括挖填、場(chang)平）和(he)交(jiao)通工程(cheng)(cheng)的影響；

（2）升壓站位置對集(ji)電線路(lu)長度的影響；

光(guang)伏發電(dian)造價軟(ruan)件(jian)光(guang)伏發電(dian)缺點(dian)

但是，太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池板的(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產卻具有(you)高污染、高能(neng)(neng)耗(hao)的(de)(de)特點，在現有(you)的(de)(de)條(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)，生(sheng)(sheng)產國內自己使用(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池板還說(shuo)的(de)(de)過(guo)去，不過(guo)大量(liang)出(chu)口等于(yu)污染中國，造福世界了，據統計，生(sheng)(sheng)產一塊1m×1.5m的(de)(de)太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)板必(bi)須燃燒超過(guo)40公(gong)斤煤(mei)，但即使中國最沒有(you)效(xiao)率的(de)(de)火力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠也能(neng)(neng)夠用(yong)這(zhe)些煤(mei)生(sheng)(sheng)產130千瓦時(shi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)（一般(ban)一塊1mx1.6m的(de)(de)太陽(yang)能(neng)(neng)板一年發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)在250千瓦時(shi)以上）——這(zhe)足夠讓2.2瓦的(de)(de)發(fa)光二極管（LED）燈泡按(an)照每天工(gong)作12小時(shi)計算發(fa)光30年。①照射的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量(liang)分(fen)布密(mi)度小，即要占(zhan)用(yong)巨(ju)大面積(ji)；②獲得的(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)源同四季(ji)、晝夜及(ji)陰晴等氣象條(tiao)件(jian)有(you)關。③相對于(yu)火力(li)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)會成(cheng)本高。④光伏(fu)板制造過(guo)程中不環(huan)保。

光(guang)伏發電造價軟(ruan)件早期歷史(shi)2

太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)以(yi)其獨有(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢(shi)而成(cheng)為人(ren)(ren)們重視(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)焦點(dian)。豐富的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽輻射能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)是(shi)重要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源，是(shi)取之不(bu)(bu)盡、用之不(bu)(bu)竭的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、無污染、廉價(jia)(jia)、人(ren)(ren)類(lei)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)夠自由(you)利用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源。太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)每秒鐘到達地(di)面的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)量高達800兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)瓦時，假如(ru)把(ba)地(di)球表面0.1%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)轉為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，轉變率5%，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)系統哪家好，每年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量可達5.6×1012千(qian)瓦小時，相當于(yu)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)耗的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)40倍。正是(shi)由(you)于(yu)太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)這些優勢(shi)，20世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紀80年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)后(hou)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)系統報(bao)價(jia)(jia)，太(tai)陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)類(lei)不(bu)(bu)斷增(zeng)多、應用范圍日(ri)益廣闊、市場規(gui)模也逐步擴大(da)。20世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紀90年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)后(hou)，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)快速(su)(su)發(fa)展，四(si)川光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)工程(cheng)(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)系統，到2006年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)上(shang)(shang)已經建成(cheng)了(le)10多座兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)瓦級光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)系統，6個(ge)兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)瓦級的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)聯(lian)網(wang)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站。美國(guo)是(shi)早制定光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展規(gui)劃(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家。1997年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)又提(ti)出(chu)“百萬(wan)屋頂(ding)”計劃(hua)(hua)。日(ri)本(ben)(ben)1992年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)啟動(dong)了(le)新陽光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)計劃(hua)(hua)，到2003年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)日(ri)本(ben)(ben)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)組件(jian)(jian)生產(chan)占(zhan)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)50%，世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)前廠商有(you)4家在(zai)日(ri)本(ben)(ben)。而德(de)國(guo)新可再生能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源法規(gui)定了(le)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)上(shang)(shang)網(wang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)價(jia)(jia)，大(da)大(da)推動(dong)了(le)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)市場和產(chan)業發(fa)展，使德(de)國(guo)成(cheng)為繼日(ri)本(ben)(ben)之后(hou)世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)展快的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)國(guo)家。瑞士(shi)、法國(guo)、意(yi)大(da)利、西(xi)班(ban)牙(ya)、芬蘭等國(guo)，也紛紛制定光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)發(fa)展計劃(hua)(hua)，并(bing)投巨(ju)資進行技術(shu)開發(fa)和加(jia)速(su)(su)工業化進程(cheng)(cheng)。世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)界(jie)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)組件(jian)(jian)在(zai)1990年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)——2005年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)平均增(zeng)長率約15%。20世(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)紀90年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)代(dai)后(hou)期，發(fa)展更(geng)加(jia)迅(xun)速(su)(su)，1999年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)組件(jian)(jian)生產(chan)達到200兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)瓦。商品化電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池效率從10%～13%提(ti)高到13%～15%，生產(chan)規(gui)模從1～5兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)瓦/年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)發(fa)展到5～25兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)瓦/年(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)，并(bing)正在(zai)向50兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)瓦甚至(zhi)100兆(zhao)(zhao)(zhao)瓦擴大(da)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)伏(fu)(fu)(fu)組件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生產(chan)成(cheng)本(ben)(ben)降到3美元/瓦以(yi)下。