煤礦(kuang)充(chong)填(tian)目前(qian)使用的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)填(tian)料主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)破(po)碎煤矸(gan)石和(he)(he)粉煤灰(hui)。鐵礦(kuang)充(chong)填(tian)站需(xu)要(yao)(yao)將煤矸(gan)石破(po)碎至5mm以(yi)下粒徑，并需(xu)保證均衡(heng)的(de)(de)(de)含水率，所以(yi)充(chong)填(tian)系統要(yao)(yao)有破(po)碎模(mo)塊和(he)(he)相(xiang)應的(de)(de)(de)破(po)碎前(qian)與破(po)碎后室(shi)內堆(dui)場。純粉煤灰(hui)充(chong)填(tian)因粉煤灰(hui)懸(xuan)浮性(xing)好攪(jiao)拌比較容易(yi)，高濃(nong)度的(de)(de)(de)矸(gan)石充(chong)填(tian)可以(yi)采用類似混凝(ning)土攪(jiao)拌的(de)(de)(de)臥(wo)式攪(jiao)拌槽，濃(nong)度較低的(de)(de)(de)混合充(chong)填(tian)一般(ban)采用立式攪(jiao)拌桶。

礦井填充站的(de)基本作業原理，來具體認識學習。

    尾(wei)(wei)砂(sha)經(jing)(jing)(jing)濃(nong)縮(suo)后送(song)(song)入(ru)為尾(wei)(wei)砂(sha)堆積場(chang)，經(jing)(jing)(jing)裝載機推送(song)(song)到尾(wei)(wei)砂(sha)受料門(men)，經(jing)(jing)(jing)尾(wei)(wei)砂(sha)振動放(fang)料機定(ding)量給料至尾(wei)(wei)砂(sha)輸送(song)(song)機，被送(song)(song)入(ru)尾(wei)(wei)砂(sha)松(song)散中轉倉(cang)，經(jing)(jing)(jing)電(dian)子變(bian)頻調速(su)皮帶(dai)秤(cheng)將(jiang)尾(wei)(wei)砂(sha)拖出并(bing)進行(xing)(xing)級配計量，再由(you)輸送(song)(song)機連(lian)續輸送(song)(song)至拌(ban)合(he)(he)機，同(tong)時(shi)水泥(ni)由(you)水泥(ni)倉(cang)中經(jing)(jing)(jing)變(bian)頻調速(su)螺(luo)旋定(ding)量給料機旋出，在(zai)經(jing)(jing)(jing)螺(luo)旋電(dian)子秤(cheng)連(lian)續計量完后一并(bing)進入(ru)拌(ban)合(he)(he)機，同(tong)時(shi)加以淋化(hua)水進行(xing)(xing)多角化(hua)連(lian)續剪切(qie)攪拌(ban)，拌(ban)合(he)(he)好(hao)的(de)稀漿物也可經(jing)(jing)(jing)高速(su)二次活化(hua)攪拌(ban)機后進入(ru)充填管路

礦井(jing)充填(tian)(tian)(tian)開(kai)(kai)采(cai)技(ji)術(shu)逐步(bu)成(cheng)熟。充填(tian)(tian)(tian)開(kai)(kai)采(cai)是(shi)隨著回(hui)采(cai)工作面 的推進，向(xiang)采(cai)空區充填(tian)(tian)(tian)矸石(shi)、粉煤灰、建筑(zhu)垃圾以及充填(tian)(tian)(tian)材 料(liao)(liao)的煤炭開(kai)(kai)采(cai)技(ji)術(shu)。近年來，部(bu)分礦山企業積極探索并實(shi)施了(le)煤 矸石(shi)等(deng)固(gu)體材料(liao)(liao)充填(tian)(tian)(tian)、膏體材料(liao)(liao)充填(tian)(tian)(tian)、高水材料(liao)(liao)充填(tian)(tian)(tian)等(deng)多種(zhong)充填(tian)(tian)(tian) 工藝技(ji)術(shu)，集成(cheng)創新了(le)較(jiao)為(wei)成(cheng)熟的充填(tian)(tian)(tian)開(kai)(kai)采(cai)技(ji)術(shu)和裝(zhuang)備，提高了(le) 資源回(hui)收(shou)率，取得了(le)良好的社會和環境效益，河南充填(tian)(tian)(tian)，具備了(le)一(yi)定的推廣 應(ying)用(yong)條件(jian)。

充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)法(fa)屬人工(gong)支。在(zai)礦房或礦塊中，隨著回采工(gong)作面的(de)推進(jin)，向采空區送入充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)材(cai)料，以進(jin)行(xing)地(di)壓管理、控制(zhi)圍(wei)巖崩落和地(di)表移動，并在(zai)形成的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)體上或在(zai)其(qi)保護下進(jin)行(xing)回采。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)法(fa)適應(ying)性強(qiang)，礦石回采率(lv)高，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)站，貧化率(lv)低，礦砂充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)，作業較(jiao)安全(quan)，能利用工(gong)業廢料，保護地(di)表等。根(gen)據所(suo)用充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)材(cai)料和輸送方式(shi)不同，采空區充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)治理工(gong)藝及處(chu)置技術，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)法(fa)可分(fen)干式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)法(fa)、水力充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)法(fa)、膠結充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)法(fa)。根(gen)據采場結構，回采方向和回采工(gong)藝可分(fen)為(wei)：又可分(fen)為(wei)上向分(fen)層(ceng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)法(fa)、下向分(fen)層(ceng)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)法(fa)、壁(bi)(bi)式(shi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)法(fa)、削壁(bi)(bi)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)法(fa)和方框支架充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)法(fa)。

立式(shi)砂(sha)倉是20世紀(ji)80年代(dai)出(chu)現的(de)一種用(yong)于水(shui)砂(sha)充(chong)填(tian)(tian)的(de)主(zhu)要(yao)構筑物，通常由直徑8~10m、高(gao)度(du)18~20m的(de)圓(yuan)柱形與及底部半(ban)球體或帶一定錐角(jiao)的(de)錐體組成(cheng)。其充(chong)填(tian)(tian)系(xi)統呈縱向布置，礦(kuang)井(jing)充(chong)填(tian)(tian)站，結構簡單(dan)、占(zhan)地面(mian)積小。近年來(lai)，隨著立式(shi)砂(sha)倉流態化造漿技術(shu)的(de)出(chu)現，大(da)大(da)提高(gao)了立式(shi)砂(sha)倉尾砂(sha)充(chong)填(tian)(tian)濃(nong)度(du)，煤礦(kuang)回填(tian)(tian)充(chong)填(tian)(tian)雙臥軸攪拌機，充(chong)填(tian)(tian)站，煤矸石破(po)碎(sui)粒徑對充(chong)填(tian)(tian)體的(de)影(ying)響，降低了充(chong)填(tian)(tian)成(cheng)本，提高(gao)了充(chong)填(tian)(tian)質量，使立式(shi)砂(sha)倉尾砂(sha)充(chong)填(tian)(tian)在礦(kuang)山得到越(yue)來(lai)越(yue)廣泛的(de)應用(yong)。