礦井(jing)充(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)開(kai)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)技(ji)術逐步成(cheng)熟。充(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)開(kai)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)是隨著回采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)工作面 的(de)推進，向采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)空區充(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)矸(gan)石、粉煤灰(hui)、建筑垃圾以及(ji)充(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)材 料的(de)煤炭(tan)開(kai)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)技(ji)術。近年來，部分(fen)礦山企(qi)業積極探索并實施了煤 矸(gan)石等(deng)固(gu)體材料充(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)、膏體材料充(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)、高(gao)水材料充(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)等(deng)多種充(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian) 工藝技(ji)術，集成(cheng)創新(xin)了較為成(cheng)熟的(de)充(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)開(kai)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)技(ji)術和(he)裝備(bei)，提高(gao)了 資源(yuan)回收率，取得了良好的(de)社會和(he)環境(jing)效益，具備(bei)了一定(ding)的(de)推廣(guang) 應(ying)用條件(jian)。

充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)法屬人工支。在(zai)礦(kuang)(kuang)房(fang)或礦(kuang)(kuang)塊(kuai)中(zhong)，煤礦(kuang)(kuang)回(hui)(hui)(hui)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)關鍵技術要求(qiu)(qiu)，隨著回(hui)(hui)(hui)采(cai)工作面的推進(jin)，向采(cai)空區(qu)送入充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)材料，以進(jin)行(xing)地(di)壓管(guan)理、控制圍(wei)巖崩落和(he)地(di)表移動，并(bing)在(zai)形(xing)成的充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)體上(shang)或在(zai)其保(bao)護下(xia)進(jin)行(xing)回(hui)(hui)(hui)采(cai)。充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)法適應(ying)性強，礦(kuang)(kuang)石(shi)(shi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)采(cai)率(lv)高(gao)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)站(zhan)，貧化率(lv)低，煤礦(kuang)(kuang)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)管(guan)道輸送的技術應(ying)用，礦(kuang)(kuang)砂充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)，作業較安(an)全，矸石(shi)(shi)回(hui)(hui)(hui)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)關鍵技術要求(qiu)(qiu)，能(neng)利用工業廢料，保(bao)護地(di)表等。根據所用充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)材料和(he)輸送方(fang)式不同(tong)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)法可(ke)分(fen)(fen)干式充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)法、水力充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)法、膠(jiao)結充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)法。根據采(cai)場結構(gou)，回(hui)(hui)(hui)采(cai)方(fang)向和(he)回(hui)(hui)(hui)采(cai)工藝可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)：又可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)上(shang)向分(fen)(fen)層充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)法、下(xia)向分(fen)(fen)層充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)法、壁式充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)法、削壁充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)法和(he)方(fang)框支架充(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)(chong)填(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)(tian)法。

充填(tian)(tian)(tian)填(tian)(tian)(tian)系(xi)統(tong)的優(you)化設計(ji)(ji)(ji)，充填(tian)(tian)(tian)系(xi)統(tong) 優(you)化設計(ji)(ji)(ji) 測試(shi)針對小(xiao)鐵山礦(kuang)六中段以上充填(tian)(tian)(tian)系(xi)統(tong)爆管(guan)、堵(du)管(guan)事故頻繁(fan)發生的現狀(zhuang)，運用(yong)變徑(jing)的思想，合(he)理地(di)布(bu)置充填(tian)(tian)(tian)管(guan)路，尾(wei)沙充填(tian)(tian)(tian)站，提出(chu)了七～八(ba)中段管(guan)路優(you)化設計(ji)(ji)(ji)方案。并對變徑(jing)前(qian)后充填(tian)(tian)(tian)系(xi)統(tong)的運行(xing)狀(zhuang)況進行(xing)了現場測試(shi)，寧夏充填(tian)(tian)(tian)，鐵礦(kuang)充填(tian)(tian)(tian)站，分(fen)析了充填(tian)(tian)(tian)系(xi)統(tong)壓(ya)力(li)梯度分(fen)布(bu)規律，充填(tian)(tian)(tian)站，進一步確定(ding)了充填(tian)(tian)(tian)參數，有效地(di)防止(zhi)了充填(tian)(tian)(tian)管(guan)路爆管(guan)、堵(du)管(guan)事故的發生，保證了充填(tian)(tian)(tian)系(xi)統(tong)的穩定(ding)性。

充填

1.操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)經過(guo)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)教育，熟悉設備(bei)的性能及(ji)要求后方可上(shang)崗(gang)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)。

2.充填(tian)工進(jin)行(xing)生(sheng)產(chan)作業時(shi)，按要求(qiu)穿戴(dai)好勞動保護(hu)用品（在鋼制作業時(shi)佩帶帽），嚴格識別機(ji)器設備上(shang)標志。

3.堅守崗(gang)位，嚴格按照工(gong)藝要求和生產指令進行全(quan)尾砂的進砂、沉降排水、造漿(jiang)、放砂等(deng)工(gong)作。

4.嚴格按充(chong)填指令單所規定(ding)的灰(hui)砂比進行作(zuo)業。

5.保持(chi)站房、設(she)備(bei)及管道等清潔衛生，做到文明(ming)生產。

6.管道(dao)和閥門等(deng)不得有(you)漏水、失靈和堵塞(sai)現象。

7.填工(gong)作中與井下要保(bao)持(chi)聯系，緊密協(xie)作。

8.充填過程中(zhong)中(zhong)途因(yin)事(shi)(shi)故停(ting)機時(shi)，配(pei)合井下施(shi)工人員(yuan)，聽從其(qi)指令利(li)用事(shi)(shi)故水沖洗管(guan)道(dao)。

9.充填過程中經常(chang)觀察(cha)濃度表(biao)(biao)、流量(liang)表(biao)(biao)等有關(guan)儀表(biao)(biao)。

10.充填使(shi)用的(de)(de)水泥在倉(cang)中的(de)(de)存(cun)放時間不(bu)得超過7天。

11.充填結束時，進行機械、管(guan)道沖洗工作，時間不得低于15分鐘(zhong)，然后才可以停(ting)機。