離(li)子交換樹脂故障的(de)排查與(yu)方法

1、石(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)亂(luan)(luan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng) 交換器底(di)部(bu)選用石(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)時，因反洗操作不當或(huo)積污，會造成石(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)結塊；若反洗水從局部(bu)沖出則會造成石(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)亂(luan)(luan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。 石(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)下面(mian)的(de)穹(qiong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)多孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)板(ban)(ban)的(de)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)，應不開孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)，以避免底(di)部(bu)進(jin)(jin)水流速過高(gao)沖亂(luan)(luan)石(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。如果穹(qiong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)板(ban)(ban)是(shi)全部(bu)開孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)的(de)，可(ke)以在穹(qiong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)多孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)板(ban)(ban)下面(mian)加(jia)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)擋板(ban)(ban)，但是(shi)，不可(ke)使用縫(feng)隙式(shi)(shi)噴(pen)(pen)水頭(tou)或(huo)多孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)式(shi)(shi)花籃，因為它們(men)的(de)出水流速太高(gao)，距穹(qiong)型(xing)(xing)(xing)板(ban)(ban)又近，仍然會使水流集中(zhong)(zhong)于局部(bu)小孔(kong)(kong)(kong)(kong)噴(pen)(pen)出，沖亂(luan)(luan)石(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)。 石(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)應嚴格(ge)按照(zhao)級(ji)配逐層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)鋪墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，每層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)厚度必須均(jun)勻。在裝(zhuang)(zhuang)入(ru)樹脂前，可(ke)以進(jin)(jin)行反洗試驗，要(yao)求在流速達到40-60m/h時，石(shi)(shi)英(ying)(ying)砂(sha)(sha)(sha)墊(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)不亂(luan)(luan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，不移動。

2、中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)液裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)壞 逆(ni)流(liu)(liu)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)離(li)子(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排(pai)(pai)(pai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)損(sun)壞是(shi)常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)故障。中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排(pai)(pai)(pai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)損(sun)壞的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)根本原因(yin)(yin)是(shi)，在(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有氣(qi)泡(pao)或干(gan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情況下(xia)，反(fan)洗進水(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)速(su)過高(gao)，樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)尚未散開，樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)動性差，夾在(zai)干(gan)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)液裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)被(bei)向上托起(qi)而造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)運(yun)行中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)因(yin)(yin)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)干(gan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)收縮，也(ye)會(hui)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排(pai)(pai)(pai)支管(guan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)向下(xia)彎曲。 在(zai)陽床(chuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)運(yun)行中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)內(nei)出現氣(qi)泡(pao)是(shi)因(yin)(yin)為(wei)(wei)陽床(chuang)用(yong)進口閥門調節(jie)流(liu)(liu)量，交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)器(qi)在(zai)低壓（0.1-0.2Mpa）下(xia)運(yun)行，經(jing)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)反(fan)應(ying)生(sheng)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)酸變為(wei)(wei)游離(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)CO2析出，積(ji)聚(ju)在(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)內(nei)。防(fang)(fang)止CO2析出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方法是(shi)保持交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)器(qi)在(zai)0.4-0.6Mpa壓力下(xia)運(yun)行。此外，如果水(shui)(shui)泵(beng)軸(zhou)封漏氣(qi)，也(ye)會(hui)使空氣(qi)隨水(shui)(shui)流(liu)(liu)進入交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)器(qi)，積(ji)在(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)。特別應(ying)該指出的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)設備長期(qi)停用(yong)或因(yin)(yin)閥門漏水(shui)(shui)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)干(gan)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)時(shi)(shi)，乙(yi)二醇循(xun)環水(shui)(shui)處理(li)專用(yong)陰離(li)子(zi)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)廠家(jia)，進水(shui)(shui)速(su)度一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)緩慢(man)（2-3m/h），使樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)氣(qi)泡(pao)能(neng)慢(man)慢(man)逸出，不得將干(gan)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)托起(qi)。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)間(jian)排(pai)(pai)(pai)液裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)必(bi)須牢固(gu)地(di)固(gu)定在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)支架上，為(wei)(wei)防(fang)(fang)止中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排(pai)(pai)(pai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)壞，國外曾將支管(guan)從(cong)圓形(xing)改為(wei)(wei)橢圓形(xing)（或燈泡(pao)形(xing)狀），以減緩反(fan)洗時(shi)(shi)造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊。也(ye)可將母管(guan)露置(zhi)在(zai)樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)上部50mm處，其支管(guan)或水(shui)(shui)帽插入樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)需要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度，以減少樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)脹縮時(shi)(shi)對中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排(pai)(pai)(pai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)沖擊。 開始反(fan)洗時(shi)(shi)，流(liu)(liu)量應(ying)小(xiao)，待樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)內(nei)氣(qi)泡(pao)被(bei)排(pai)(pai)(pai)出，樹(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)開始浮動后，再(zai)(zai)加大反(fan)洗流(liu)(liu)量。 中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排(pai)(pai)(pai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)應(ying)用(yong)不銹(xiu)鋼制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，加工(gong)制造(zao)及焊接應(ying)牢固(gu)可靠。 體內(nei)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)床(chuang)，其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)排(pai)(pai)(pai)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)損(sun)壞也(ye)是(shi)常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，高(gao)流(liu)(liu)速(su)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)床(chuang)更(geng)為(wei)(wei)嚴重。其防(fang)(fang)止措(cuo)施與逆(ni)流(liu)(liu)再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)交(jiao)(jiao)換(huan)器(qi)相同(tong)。

離子交換樹脂的使(shi)用壽命是多長(chang)

離子交(jiao)換樹(shu)脂的(de)(de)使用(yong)(yong)壽命一(yi)(yi)般3-10年，和(he)(he)水的(de)(de)硬(ying)度關系不太大。因為(wei)是要經常(chang)再生使用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)，所以在(zai)壽命期內，能處(chu)理非(fei)常(chang)多的(de)(de)水。水的(de)(de)硬(ying)度是五，沒有問題。離子交(jiao)換樹(shu)脂都是用(yong)(yong)有機合(he)成方法制(zhi)成。常(chang)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)原料為(wei)或(huo)(酯(zhi))，通過聚(ju)合(he)反應生成具(ju)有三維空間立體網絡結構的(de)(de)骨(gu)架，再在(zai)骨(gu)架上導入不同類型(xing)的(de)(de)化學活(huo)性(xing)(xing)基團(tuan)(通常(chang)為(wei)酸性(xing)(xing)或(huo)堿(jian)性(xing)(xing)基團(tuan))而制(zhi)成。 離子交(jiao)換樹(shu)脂不溶于水和(he)(he)一(yi)(yi)般溶劑。大多數(shu)制(zhi)成顆粒狀(zhuang)，也有一(yi)(yi)些(xie)制(zhi)成纖維狀(zhuang)或(huo)粉(fen)狀(zhuang)。樹(shu)脂顆粒的(de)(de)尺(chi)寸一(yi)(yi)般在(zai)0.3～1.2mm 范圍內，大部分在(zai)0.4～0.6mm之間

離子交換樹脂的基本類型

(１) 強酸性陽離子樹(shu)脂(zhi)

強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)離(li)(li)(li)子樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)含(han)有大量的強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)性(xing)基(ji)團，如(ru)磺酸(suan)(suan)(suan)基(ji)－SO3H，容易在(zai)溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)離(li)(li)(li)解出H+，故呈強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)性(xing)。樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)離(li)(li)(li)解后，本體所含(han)的負電(dian)基(ji)團，如(ru)SO3-，能(neng)(neng)(neng)吸附結合溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)的其他陽(yang)(yang)離(li)(li)(li)子。這兩個反(fan)(fan)(fan)應使(shi)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)中(zhong)的H+與溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)的陽(yang)(yang)離(li)(li)(li)子互相交換(huan)。強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)性(xing)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的離(li)(li)(li)解能(neng)(neng)(neng)力很強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)，在(zai)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)性(xing)或堿性(xing)溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)均能(neng)(neng)(neng)離(li)(li)(li)解和產生(sheng)離(li)(li)(li)子交換(huan)作用(yong)。湘中(zhong)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi). 強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)性(xing)陽(yang)(yang)離(li)(li)(li)子樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)使(shi)用(yong)一段時間后，必須進(jin)行再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)處理(li)，即用(yong)化學(xue)藥品使(shi)離(li)(li)(li)子交換(huan)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應以相反(fan)(fan)(fan)方向進(jin)行，使(shi)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的官能(neng)(neng)(neng)基(ji)團回復原(yuan)來狀態，以供(gong)再(zai)(zai)次使(shi)用(yong)。如(ru)上述的陽(yang)(yang)離(li)(li)(li)子樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)是用(yong)強(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)酸(suan)(suan)(suan)進(jin)行再(zai)(zai)生(sheng)處理(li)，此時樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)放(fang)出被吸附的陽(yang)(yang)離(li)(li)(li)子，再(zai)(zai)與H+結合而恢復原(yuan)來的組(zu)成(cheng)。

(２) 弱酸性陽離子(zi)樹(shu)脂(zhi)

弱酸性陽(yang)離(li)(li)子樹脂(zhi)含弱酸性基(ji)團，如(ru)(ru)羧(suo)基(ji)－COOH，能在(zai)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)離(li)(li)解出H+ 而呈酸性。樹脂(zhi)離(li)(li)解后余下(xia)的負電基(ji)團，如(ru)(ru)R-COO－(R為碳氫基(ji)團)，能與(yu)溶液中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)的其他陽(yang)離(li)(li)子吸附結合，從(cong)而產生(sheng)陽(yang)離(li)(li)子交換作用。這種樹脂(zhi)的酸性即離(li)(li)解性較弱，在(zai)低pH下(xia)難(nan)以離(li)(li)解和進(jin)行離(li)(li)子交換，只(zhi)能在(zai)堿性、1中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)性或微酸性溶液中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(如(ru)(ru)PH5～14)起作用。湘中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)樹脂(zhi).弱酸性陽(yang)離(li)(li)子樹脂(zhi)也是用酸進(jin)行再生(sheng)(比強(qiang)酸性樹脂(zhi)較易再生(sheng))。

（3） 強堿(jian)性陰離(li)子樹脂

強(qiang)堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)陰(yin)離(li)子(zi)樹(shu)脂(zhi)含有強(qiang)堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)，如季(ji)胺(an)基(ji)(ji)(亦稱四(si)級胺(an)基(ji)(ji))－NR3OH(R為碳氫(qing)基(ji)(ji)團(tuan))，能(neng)在水中(zhong)離(li)解(jie)出OH－而呈(cheng)強(qiang)堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)。這種樹(shu)脂(zhi)的(de)正電基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)能(neng)與溶液中(zhong)的(de)陰(yin)離(li)子(zi)吸附結合，從而產生(sheng)陰(yin)離(li)子(zi)交換作(zuo)用(yong)。湘中(zhong)樹(shu)脂(zhi).強(qiang)堿(jian)(jian)性(xing)(xing)陰(yin)離(li)子(zi)樹(shu)脂(zhi)的(de)離(li)解(jie)性(xing)(xing)很強(qiang)，在不同pH下都能(neng)正常工(gong)作(zuo)。它用(yong)強(qiang)堿(jian)(jian)(如NaOH)進行(xing)再生(sheng)。

(４) 弱堿性陰(yin)離子樹(shu)脂

弱(ruo)堿性陰(yin)離子(zi)樹脂(zhi)含有弱(ruo)堿性基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)，如伯胺基(ji)(ji)(亦稱一級胺基(ji)(ji))-NH2、仲(zhong)胺基(ji)(ji)(二級胺基(ji)(ji))-NHR、或(huo)叔胺基(ji)(ji)(三級胺基(ji)(ji))-NR2，它們在(zai)(zai)(zai)水(shui)中(zhong)(zhong)能離解出OH－而呈(cheng)弱(ruo)堿性。這(zhe)種樹脂(zhi)的正電基(ji)(ji)團(tuan)能與溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的陰(yin)離子(zi)吸附結合(he)，從而產生陰(yin)離子(zi)交換作(zuo)用。湘(xiang)中(zhong)(zhong)樹脂(zhi).弱(ruo)堿性陰(yin)離子(zi)樹脂(zhi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)多數情況下是將溶(rong)液(ye)中(zhong)(zhong)的整個其他酸分(fen)子(zi)吸附。它只能在(zai)(zai)(zai)中(zhong)(zhong)性或(huo)酸性條件(如pH1～9)下工作(zuo)。它可(ke)用Na2CO3、NH4OH進行再生。