魚菜(cai)共生的技術原(yuan)理就是自然界物(wu)(wu)(wu)質循環的方(fang)式之(zhi)一（圖1），即以水(shui)為媒介，建(jian)立水(shui)產養殖動(dong)物(wu)(wu)(wu)與植物(wu)(wu)(wu)，植物(wu)(wu)(wu)與微生物(wu)(wu)(wu)以及(ji)微生物(wu)(wu)(wu)與微生物(wu)(wu)(wu)之(zhi)間的互利共生機(ji)制，

以促進(jin)微生物對(dui)(dui)養殖有機廢棄物的礦化分解和植物對(dui)(dui)營(ying)養物質的吸(xi)收利用，從(cong)而(er)實現“養魚不(bu)換(huan)水而(er)無水質憂患，種菜不(bu)施肥而(er)正常成長”的生態共生效應。

魚菜共生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)系(xi)統中(zhong)，隨著魚類排泄物(wu)(wu)(wu)和飼料(liao)殘渣的(de)(de)(de)增多，異(yi)養(yang)微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)（包含(han)氨(an)化(hua)菌(jun)(jun)）首(shou)先(xian)開始繁殖(zhi)(zhi)，有機廢物(wu)(wu)(wu)被分解并礦(kuang)(kuang)化(hua)為(wei)小分子(zi)營(ying)養(yang)物(wu)(wu)(wu)質，魚菜共生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)技(ji)術(shu)，為(wei)自養(yang)菌(jun)(jun)（包含(han)硝(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)細菌(jun)(jun)）的(de)(de)(de)繁殖(zhi)(zhi)提供了條(tiao)件。其中(zhong)，有機物(wu)(wu)(wu)質當中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)含(han)氮物(wu)(wu)(wu)質經(jing)氨(an)化(hua)作用(yong)轉(zhuan)化(hua)為(wei)氨(an)氮（NH3-N），在硝(xiao)(xiao)化(hua)細菌(jun)(jun)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下，NH3-N被氧化(hua)為(wei)NO2-N，并進一步(bu)被氧化(hua)為(wei)NO3-N，致使NH3-N以及NO2-N含(han)量(liang)逐漸下降并趨于零，而(er)NO3-N含(han)量(liang)逐漸上升。此時，微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)代謝(xie)旺盛(sheng)，系(xi)統對(dui)有機物(wu)(wu)(wu)質的(de)(de)(de)凈(jing)化(hua)能(neng)力強。故NO3-N的(de)(de)(de)出現(xian)是系(xi)統微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)態開始建立的(de)(de)(de)主要標(biao)志。養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)有機廢棄物(wu)(wu)(wu)在微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)下被逐級(ji)礦(kuang)(kuang)化(hua)，繼而(er)成為(wei)養(yang)分被植(zhi)物(wu)(wu)(wu)根系(xi)吸收，從而(er)實現(xian)對(dui)養(yang)殖(zhi)(zhi)水體的(de)(de)(de)凈(jing)化(hua)。

硝化種植系統運行

在(zai)上面的(de)(de)(de)圖中，大體(ti)可以看出(chu)來(lai)分(fen)為種(zhong)植區(qu)和消化(hua)分(fen)解(jie)區(qu)。整(zheng)個(ge)系統的(de)(de)(de)運作是有養殖區(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)水進(jin)行(xing)循環泵，循環到這里(li)，經過(guo)一些的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)濾(lv)、發酵等過(guo)程，逐漸把水產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)中物質轉變成作物生長需(xu)要的(de)(de)(de)肥(fei)料(liao)，就是這樣一個(ge)簡單的(de)(de)(de)過(guo)程。在(zai)實際(ji)的(de)(de)(de)運行(xing)當中還是需(xu)要很強的(de)(de)(de)技術(shu)要求的(de)(de)(de)，這些是為了(le)大家更好的(de)(de)(de)理解(jie)，用(yong)普通(tong)的(de)(de)(de)語言進(jin)行(xing)的(de)(de)(de)描述。

魚菜共生系統(tong)的基本情況

魚(yu)(yu)菜共(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，對于普通人而言(yan)。理解的就是(shi)魚(yu)(yu)和蔬(shu)(shu)菜生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)存在同一(yi)個環境，而實(shi)際并非(fei)如此(ci)。魚(yu)(yu)菜共(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)是(shi)一(yi)項非(fei)常(chang)嚴謹的系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)，簡單點講魚(yu)(yu)菜共(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)分為(wei)三個區(qu)域(yu)水(shui)產養(yang)殖區(qu)域(yu)、蔬(shu)(shu)菜種植區(qu)域(yu)和過濾(lv)區(qu)域(yu)，不(bu)過魚(yu)(yu)菜共(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的核l心就是(shi)過濾(lv)區(qu)域(yu)，它主要包含循環過濾(lv)增(zeng)氧系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、微(wei)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物硝化系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)、蔬(shu)(shu)菜種植系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong) 。三個系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)在整個魚(yu)(yu)菜共(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)必(bi)須達到(dao)均衡，不(bu)然魚(yu)(yu)菜共(gong)(gong)(gong)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)就很難實(shi)施。