地基(ji)加固是(shi)提升建(jian)(jian)筑物基(ji)礎穩定性的(de)重要技術手段，其流(liu)程需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)根(gen)據地質(zhi)條件和建(jian)(jian)筑需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)求科學設(she)計(ji)，主(zhu)要步驟如(ru)下：**一、前期檢(jian)測(ce)與評估(gu)**1.采用(yong)(yong)地質(zhi)雷(lei)(lei)達(da)、靜力(li)(li)觸探等(deng)(deng)技術勘(kan)察地基(ji)土(tu)(tu)(tu)層結構、承(cheng)載(zai)力(li)(li)及沉(chen)降(jiang)情(qing)況。2.通過裂縫監測(ce)儀、水平儀等(deng)(deng)設(she)備評估(gu)建(jian)(jian)筑物傾(qing)斜(xie)、開裂等(deng)(deng)受損程度(du)。3.結合(he)(he)建(jian)(jian)筑圖紙分析原基(ji)礎類型(xing)（樁(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)/筏板基(ji)礎等(deng)(deng)）及荷載(zai)分布(bu)。**二、加固方(fang)案設(she)計(ji)**根(gen)據檢(jian)測(ce)結果選擇(ze)適用(yong)(yong)工藝：1.**注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)加固**：通過高壓(ya)注(zhu)(zhu)入水泥漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)或化學漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)液(ye)，適用(yong)(yong)于砂土(tu)(tu)(tu)液(ye)化或存在(zai)孔洞的(de)地基(ji)。需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)設(she)置(zhi)注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)孔（間距(ju)1-2m），注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)壓(ya)力(li)(li)控(kong)制在(zai)0.5-2MPa。2.**微型(xing)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)加固**：采用(yong)(yong)直徑150-300mm的(de)鋼(gang)管樁(zhuang)(zhuang)或樹根(gen)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)，深度(du)可達(da)20m，單樁(zhuang)(zhuang)承(cheng)載(zai)力(li)(li)可達(da)50-200噸，適合(he)(he)局部承(cheng)載(zai)力(li)(li)不足區(qu)域。3.**擴大基(ji)礎法**：對原有條形(xing)基(ji)礎加寬0.5-1m，新增混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)植入鋼(gang)筋(jin)與原結構連(lian)接。4.**土(tu)(tu)(tu)體(ti)置(zhi)換**：挖除軟弱土(tu)(tu)(tu)層（如(ru)淤泥質(zhi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)），回填級配砂石并分層夯實，每(mei)層厚(hou)度(du)≤300mm。**三、施(shi)工要點**1.采用(yong)(yong)動態監測(ce)系統，施(shi)工期間沉(chen)降(jiang)速率應(ying)＜0.1mm/天。2.注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)加固需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)分序施(shi)工，間隔時間＞24小時。3.微型(xing)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)施(shi)工應(ying)控(kong)制垂直度(du)偏差＜1%。4.新舊混凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)接合(he)(he)面(mian)需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)鑿毛(mao)處理并涂刷界(jie)面(mian)劑。**四、質(zhi)量驗(yan)收**加固后需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)進行：1.平板載(zai)荷試驗(yan)（檢(jian)測(ce)值(zhi)≥設(she)計(ji)值(zhi)1.2倍）2.地質(zhi)雷(lei)(lei)達(da)復(fu)測(ce)加固體(ti)連(lian)續性3.建(jian)(jian)筑物傾(qing)斜(xie)率監測(ce)（≤0.3%）注(zhu)(zhu)：復(fu)雜項目需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)采用(yong)(yong)組合(he)(he)加固工藝，如(ru)'注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)+微型(xing)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)'綜合(he)(he)處理，施(shi)工周(zhou)期通常15-45天。建(jian)(jian)議委托巖土(tu)(tu)(tu)工程單位實施(shi)，加固成本(ben)約800-2000元/平方(fang)米。

打樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)是地基(ji)處(chu)理(li)的關(guan)鍵(jian)環節，其技術要求主要包括(kuo)以(yi)下方(fang)面：###一、設(she)計要求1.需(xu)(xu)根據(ju)地質勘察報告(gao)明(ming)確(que)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)范圍及(ji)深度(du)(du)，通過(guo)承載(zai)力(li)計算(suan)確(que)定補(bu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)數量、樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)徑及(ji)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)長參數，補(bu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)間(jian)距(ju)應(ying)(ying)≥3倍樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)徑；2.加(jia)固(gu)(gu)方(fang)案應(ying)(ying)復核原樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)基(ji)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)，對缺陷樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)優先(xian)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)高壓(ya)注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)或(huo)外包混(hun)凝土加(jia)固(gu)(gu)，斷裂(lie)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)須采(cai)用(yong)(yong)芯樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)接(jie)長工(gong)(gong)藝；3.需(xu)(xu)驗(yan)算(suan)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)后群樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)效應(ying)(ying)，確(que)保(bao)差異(yi)沉(chen)(chen)(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)控(kong)制在L/500以(yi)內。###二、材(cai)料與工(gong)(gong)藝1.補(bu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)混(hun)凝土強度(du)(du)應(ying)(ying)提(ti)高一級（不(bu)低(di)于C30），鋼(gang)筋保(bao)護層厚度(du)(du)≥70mm；2.注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)42.5級硅酸(suan)鹽水(shui)泥，水(shui)灰比(bi)0.5-0.6，注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)壓(ya)力(li)1.5-3MPa；3.接(jie)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)前需(xu)(xu)清理(li)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)頭，接(jie)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)部(bu)(bu)位箍筋加(jia)密(mi)區長度(du)(du)≥1m。###三、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)控(kong)制1.沉(chen)(chen)(chen)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)過(guo)程實行(xing)(xing)信息(xi)化施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)，實時監(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)貫入度(du)(du)與垂直度(du)(du)偏差（≤1%）；2.注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)分3次間(jian)歇(xie)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)，間(jian)隔時間(jian)≥48小時，總注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)量需(xu)(xu)達(da)理(li)論孔隙的1.2倍；3.接(jie)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)養護采(cai)用(yong)(yong)雙(shuang)層土工(gong)(gong)布覆(fu)蓋，養護期≥14天。###四、質量檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)1.加(jia)固(gu)(gu)后28天進行(xing)(xing)高應(ying)(ying)變檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)（抽檢(jian)量≥5%）及(ji)靜(jing)載(zai)試驗(yan)（≥1%且≥3根）；2.注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)效果采(cai)用(yong)(yong)聲波透(tou)射法(fa)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)，波速(su)提(ti)升應(ying)(ying)≥15%；3.接(jie)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)部(bu)(bu)位需(xu)(xu)進行(xing)(xing)鉆孔取(qu)芯檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)，芯樣(yang)強度(du)(du)不(bu)低(di)于設(she)計值90%。###五、安全(quan)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)1.鄰(lin)近建筑物應(ying)(ying)設(she)置沉(chen)(chen)(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)點（間(jian)距(ju)≤15m），施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)期沉(chen)(chen)(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)速(su)率控(kong)制＜2mm/d；2.樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)孔周(zhou)邊設(she)置防護欄桿（高度(du)(du)≥1.2m），夜間(jian)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)照明(ming)強度(du)(du)＞50Lux；3.注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)作業配備(bei)壓(ya)力(li)自動報警裝置，超(chao)壓(ya)值設(she)定為設(she)計值120%。特殊地質條件(jian)下需(xu)(xu)采(cai)取(qu)針對性(xing)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)：流(liu)塑土層應(ying)(ying)預埋袖閥管(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)，巖溶發育(yu)區需(xu)(xu)行(xing)(xing)CT探測(ce)(ce)(ce)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)全(quan)過(guo)程應(ying)(ying)保(bao)持施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)記(ji)錄(lu)，重點記(ji)錄(lu)異(yi)常(chang)情況處(chu)理(li)措(cuo)(cuo)施(shi)(shi)及(ji)效果驗(yan)證數據(ju)。

地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)是建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)提(ti)升(sheng)地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)承載(zai)力、穩(wen)定性的重要技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)手(shou)段(duan)。以(yi)下(xia)是系統化的地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)步驟：**一、現場(chang)勘察與(yu)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)**1.地(di)(di)質(zhi)勘探(tan)：通過鉆(zhan)探(tan)取(qu)樣、靜力觸探(tan)等(deng)手(shou)段(duan)，地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，獲取(qu)土(tu)(tu)層分(fen)布、承載(zai)力、地(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)位(wei)等(deng)數據。2.結構評估：檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)既(ji)有(you)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)裂縫(feng)、沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)等(deng)病害，分(fen)析地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)變形原因。3.環境調查：核(he)查周邊(bian)管線、建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)分(fen)布，規(gui)避施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)影響。**二、方案設計與(yu)審批(pi)**1.加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)方法選擇：根據勘察結果選用(yong)注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)（適用(yong)于松(song)散土(tu)(tu)層）、微型(xing)樁(zhuang)（承載(zai)力不足(zu)時）、擴(kuo)大基(ji)(ji)礎（基(ji)(ji)礎面積不足(zu)）或(huo)樹根樁(zhuang)（既(ji)有(you)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)）等(deng)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)。2.參數設計：計算(suan)注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)壓力（0.5-2MPa）、微型(xing)樁(zhuang)直(zhi)徑（150-300mm）、擴(kuo)大基(ji)(ji)礎面積等(deng)關鍵參數。3.圖紙繪制：標注(zhu)(zhu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)點位(wei)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)順序及監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)點布置，通過論證和主管部門(men)審批(pi)。**三、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)準備**1.場(chang)地(di)(di)處理：設置降(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)井（地(di)(di)下(xia)水(shui)位(wei)過高時）、搭建(jian)臨時支撐（危房加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)前）。2.設備進場(chang)：配置注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)機（流量(liang)(liang)≥50L/min）、樁(zhuang)機（激振力＞150kN）、混凝土(tu)(tu)泵送設備。3.材料檢(jian)(jian)驗(yan)：水(shui)泥(ni)（42.5級(ji)以(yi)上）、鋼(gang)筋（HRB400）、化學漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)液需抽樣檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)。**四、分(fen)步施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)**1.注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)：按(an)梅花形布孔(kong)（間距1-1.5m），分(fen)段(duan)式注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)（每段(duan)0.5m），實時監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)壓力變化。2.微型(xing)樁(zhuang)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)：采用(yong)螺旋鉆(zhan)成孔(kong)（深度(du)8-15m），插入鋼(gang)筋籠后(hou)(hou)灌(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)C30微膨脹混凝土(tu)(tu)。3.基(ji)(ji)礎擴(kuo)大：沿原基(ji)(ji)礎外(wai)緣開挖（寬度(du)≥300mm），植筋后(hou)(hou)澆筑(zhu)(zhu)C35鋼(gang)筋混凝土(tu)(tu)。4.動態調整(zheng)：根據監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數據（沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)＜2mm/d）優化注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)量(liang)(liang)或(huo)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)速(su)度(du)。**五、質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)驗(yan)收與(yu)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)**1.強度(du)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)：7天后(hou)(hou)進行取(qu)芯試(shi)驗(yan)（強度(du)≥設計值120%），28天靜載(zai)試(shi)驗(yan)（沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)量(liang)(liang)＜10mm）。2.長(chang)效(xiao)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)：布設沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)觀測(ce)(ce)點（間距≤10m），持續監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)1年，年沉(chen)降(jiang)(jiang)量(liang)(liang)控制在3mm內。整(zheng)個施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程需嚴格遵(zun)循《建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)處理技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)規(gui)范》（JGJ79-2012），重點控制注(zhu)(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)擴(kuo)散半徑、樁(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)垂直(zhi)度(du)（偏差(cha)＜1%）、新舊混凝土(tu)(tu)結合(he)面處理等(deng)關鍵節點，確保加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)效(xiao)果滿足(zu)設計要求。