銅化學拋光后為什(shen)么還要鈍化處理

銅化學拋(pao)光后需要(yao)進行鈍(dun)化處(chu)理的(de)主要(yao)原因是為(wei)了保(bao)護其(qi)表面免受(shou)氧(yang)化和(he)腐蝕的(de)影響，進一步提升其(qi)耐久(jiu)性和(he)美(mei)觀度。盡管(guan)化學拋(pao)光可(ke)以顯著改善(shan)銅表面的(de)光潔度和(he)外觀，但銅仍然具有較高的(de)化學活性，銅拋(pao)光鈍(dun)化廠，容(rong)易與空氣(qi)(qi)中(zhong)的(de)氧(yang)氣(qi)(qi)和(he)水分發生反應，形(xing)成氧(yang)化物(wu)。

通過(guo)鈍(dun)化處理，可以(yi)在銅(tong)表面形成一(yi)層(ceng)保護性的(de)氧化膜或化學(xue)反(fan)應產(chan)物層(ceng)，有效隔離銅(tong)與(yu)外(wai)界環境的(de)直(zhi)接接觸。這層(ceng)膜能(neng)防止進一(yi)步的(de)氧化反(fan)應，延長銅(tong)制品的(de)使用(yong)壽(shou)命，同時保持其外(wai)觀的(de)美觀和(he)光澤。

因此，結(jie)合化學拋(pao)光和(he)(he)鈍化處(chu)理，不(bu)僅能夠使(shi)銅(tong)(tong)表面達到(dao)良好的(de)(de)光潔(jie)度和(he)(he)裝飾效(xiao)果，銅(tong)(tong)拋(pao)光鈍化廠家，還能確保其在長期(qi)使(shi)用(yong)過程(cheng)中不(bu)易受到(dao)環境(jing)因素(su)的(de)(de)侵(qin)蝕，從而在各(ge)種應用(yong)中保持穩定(ding)的(de)(de)性(xing)能和(he)(he)外觀。

銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)及(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)變化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)經過(guo)鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)后(hou)，其(qi)表(biao)面(mian)會形成(cheng)一(yi)層(ceng)致(zhi)密的(de)(de)(de)化(hua)學轉化(hua)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)，這一(yi)過(guo)程通過(guo)特(te)定(ding)化(hua)學試(shi)劑（如鉻酸(suan)鹽、苯并(bing)三(san)氮唑或(huo)有(you)(you)機(ji)酸(suan)溶液）與銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表(biao)面(mian)發生反應(ying)(ying)實現(xian)。鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)表(biao)面(mian)呈現(xian)以下典型(xing)特(te)征(zheng)：1.**外(wai)觀與顏色變化(hua)**鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)表(biao)面(mian)通常呈現(xian)均(jun)勻的(de)(de)(de)光澤(ze)或(huo)啞光效果，顏色根據(ju)鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)不同(tong)呈現(xian)多樣化(hua)。傳(chuan)統鉻酸(suan)鹽處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)會形成(cheng)金(jin)黃色至彩虹色氧(yang)化(hua)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)，而(er)現(xian)代環(huan)(huan)保(bao)型(xing)苯并(bing)三(san)氮唑（BTA）處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)則保(bao)持銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)原(yuan)有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)橙紅(hong)色金(jin)屬光澤(ze)。部分酸(suan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)可能(neng)(neng)(neng)使表(biao)面(mian)稍顯(xian)暗化(hua)，形成(cheng)深(shen)棕或(huo)古(gu)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)色仿古(gu)效果。2.**表(biao)面(mian)結構(gou)特(te)性(xing)(xing)(xing)**生成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)厚度(du)通常在(zai)(zai)納米至微(wei)米級(ji)（約(yue)(yue)10-500nm），微(wei)觀結構(gou)致(zhi)密均(jun)勻。該膜(mo)(mo)(mo)層(ceng)主要(yao)由氧(yang)化(hua)亞銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（Cu2O）、氧(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)（CuO）或(huo)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)機(ji)配合物構(gou)成(cheng)，銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)拋(pao)光鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)，形成(cheng)物理(li)(li)(li)屏(ping)障隔離環(huan)(huan)境介(jie)質。表(biao)面(mian)粗(cu)糙度(du)較(jiao)原(yuan)始銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)略(lve)有(you)(you)降(jiang)低(di)，接觸(chu)角增大(da)，疏水性(xing)(xing)(xing)增強。3.**化(hua)學穩定(ding)性(xing)(xing)(xing)提(ti)升(sheng)**鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)顯(xian)著提(ti)高(gao)(gao)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)的(de)(de)(de)抗腐(fu)蝕能(neng)(neng)(neng)力，在(zai)(zai)濕熱環(huan)(huan)境中的(de)(de)(de)速(su)度(du)可降(jiang)低(di)80%以上(shang)。鹽霧試(shi)驗(yan)顯(xian)示(shi)，鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)件耐腐(fu)蝕時(shi)間可達未處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)件的(de)(de)(de)5-10倍。膜(mo)(mo)(mo)層(ceng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)有(you)(you)效抑(yi)制銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)綠（堿式碳酸(suan)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）和(he)黑(hei)斑(ban)（氧(yang)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)）的(de)(de)(de)生成(cheng)，保(bao)持表(biao)面(mian)潔凈。4.**物理(li)(li)(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)變化(hua)**鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)對導電(dian)性(xing)(xing)(xing)影響較(jiao)小（電(dian)阻率增加約(yue)(yue)5-15%），適(shi)合電(dian)子(zi)元件應(ying)(ying)用(yong)。表(biao)面(mian)硬度(du)略(lve)有(you)(you)提(ti)升(sheng)（HV提(ti)高(gao)(gao)10-20%），但(dan)延展性(xing)(xing)(xing)無明顯(xian)變化(hua)。接觸(chu)電(dian)阻穩定(ding)，有(you)(you)利于(yu)保(bao)持電(dian)氣連(lian)接的(de)(de)(de)可靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)。5.**應(ying)(ying)用(yong)適(shi)應(ying)(ying)性(xing)(xing)(xing)**處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)后(hou)的(de)(de)(de)表(biao)面(mian)仍可進行后(hou)續加工(gong)（如焊(han)接、涂裝(zhuang)），但(dan)需注意鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)耐溫(wen)限制（多數工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)耐溫(wen)≤200℃）。在(zai)(zai)潮濕環(huan)(huan)境、海洋大(da)氣或(huo)含硫介(jie)質中，鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)件可維持1-3年的(de)(de)(de)有(you)(you)效防(fang)護(hu)期，具體時(shi)長(chang)取決(jue)于(yu)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)層(ceng)厚度(du)和(he)環(huan)(huan)境條件。該表(biao)面(mian)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)技術(shu)廣泛應(ying)(ying)用(yong)于(yu)電(dian)子(zi)接插件、建筑裝(zhuang)飾、藝(yi)(yi)術(shu)品鑄造及(ji)熱交換器(qi)制造領(ling)域，在(zai)(zai)保(bao)持銅(tong)(tong)(tong)(tong)材(cai)美(mei)觀性(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)同(tong)時(shi)延長(chang)使用(yong)壽命，是替代電(dian)鍍工(gong)藝(yi)(yi)的(de)(de)(de)環(huan)(huan)保(bao)解決(jue)方案(an)。定(ding)期維護(hu)時(shi)，建議(yi)使用(yong)中性(xing)(xing)(xing)清潔劑擦拭以保(bao)護(hu)鈍(dun)(dun)(dun)(dun)化(hua)膜(mo)(mo)(mo)完整性(xing)(xing)(xing)。

鈍化(hua)處理對銅表(biao)面性能的影響(xiang)

1. 提高耐腐(fu)蝕性能

鈍化(hua)(hua)處理可以在銅表(biao)面(mian)(mian)形成一(yi)層致密、穩(wen)定的氧化(hua)(hua)膜，從而防(fang)止(zhi)金屬表(biao)面(mian)(mian)與環境中的氧、水、鹽等物質(zhi)接(jie)觸，銅件拋光(guang)鈍化(hua)(hua)，防(fang)止(zhi)金屬表(biao)面(mian)(mian)發生(sheng)腐(fu)蝕(shi)。因(yin)此，鈍化(hua)(hua)處理可以提高(gao)銅材(cai)料的耐腐(fu)蝕(shi)性能。

2. 提高機械性能

鈍化處理可以使(shi)銅表面形成一層(ceng)致密、均勻(yun)的氧化膜，從而增加其表面硬度和抗磨損性(xing)能(neng)，提(ti)高銅材料的機械(xie)性(xing)能(neng)。

3. 提高美觀度

鈍化(hua)處理可(ke)以使銅(tong)(tong)表面(mian)形(xing)成一層致(zhi)密、光(guang)滑的氧化(hua)膜，從而提(ti)高銅(tong)(tong)材料(liao)的美觀度。