靜壓(ya)(ya)錨桿(gan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)加固技術是地(di)基(ji)處理(li)(li)中(zhong)常用(yong)(yong)(yong)的方法(fa)，適用(yong)(yong)(yong)于既有(you)建(jian)筑(zhu)加固、基(ji)坑支護等(deng)(deng)場景。為(wei)確(que)(que)保工(gong)(gong)程質量和安(an)全，需注意以(yi)下事項：###一、前期勘察與設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)1.詳細勘察地(di)質條件，明(ming)確(que)(que)土層(ceng)分布、承載(zai)力(li)及地(di)下水(shui)情況(kuang)，避(bi)免在軟(ruan)弱夾層(ceng)或(huo)流(liu)砂層(ceng)施工(gong)(gong)。2.復核既有(you)建(jian)筑(zhu)結(jie)構(gou)狀況(kuang)，評(ping)估(gu)荷載(zai)分布，確(que)(que)定樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)位布置方案，避(bi)開管(guan)線、基(ji)礎(chu)等(deng)(deng)隱蔽設(she)(she)(she)施。###二(er)、施工(gong)(gong)過(guo)程控(kong)制1.**材料(liao)質量**：選用(yong)(yong)(yong)高強(qiang)度預應(ying)力(li)管(guan)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)或(huo)預制混凝土樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)，樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)體無裂縫、蜂窩等(deng)(deng)缺陷；錨桿(gan)鋼(gang)筋(jin)需符合抗拉(la)強(qiang)度要求。2.**壓(ya)(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)工(gong)(gong)藝**：采用(yong)(yong)(yong)分級加載(zai)，控(kong)制壓(ya)(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)速率（≤1m/min），實時(shi)監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)壓(ya)(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)力(li)，避(bi)免突沉或(huo)反彈；終壓(ya)(ya)力(li)需達到設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)值的1.5-2倍(bei)并穩壓(ya)(ya)3次。3.**垂直(zhi)度監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)**：安(an)裝(zhuang)導向架，使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)經緯儀全程監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)體垂直(zhi)度偏差(cha)（≤1%樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)長(chang)）。4.**接樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)處理(li)(li)**：采用(yong)(yong)(yong)焊接或(huo)機械連接，確(que)(que)保接縫強(qiang)度不低于樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身，焊接后冷(leng)卻時(shi)間(jian)≥8分鐘(zhong)。###三、周(zhou)邊環境(jing)防(fang)護1.設(she)(she)(she)置沉降(jiang)觀(guan)測(ce)(ce)點，對鄰近(jin)建(jian)筑(zhu)進行(xing)變(bian)形監(jian)(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)，壓(ya)(ya)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)順序遵(zun)循“先近(jin)后遠(yuan)、對稱施工(gong)(gong)”。2.采用(yong)(yong)(yong)隔振(zhen)溝、應(ying)力(li)釋放孔等(deng)(deng)措(cuo)(cuo)施，減少(shao)擠(ji)土效(xiao)應(ying)；夜間(jian)施工(gong)(gong)噪聲需≤55dB。###四、驗收與維護1.成樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)后需進行(xing)低應(ying)變(bian)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)身完整性，抽檢(jian)(jian)比例≥10%。2.承載(zai)力(li)檢(jian)(jian)驗采用(yong)(yong)(yong)靜載(zai)試驗，檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)數量≥1%且不少(shao)于3根。3.封樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)前清除孔內(nei)雜物，采用(yong)(yong)(yong)微膨(peng)脹混凝土灌(guan)注，養護期≥28天(tian)。###五(wu)、安(an)全管(guan)理(li)(li)施工(gong)(gong)人員需持證上崗，設(she)(she)(she)置安(an)全警戒(jie)區，檢(jian)(jian)查液(ye)壓(ya)(ya)設(she)(she)(she)備油路密封性，配備應(ying)急加壓(ya)(ya)裝(zhuang)置。雨(yu)季施工(gong)(gong)需做(zuo)好排水(shui)防(fang)滲措(cuo)(cuo)施。通(tong)過(guo)全過(guo)程精細化管(guan)控(kong)，可有(you)效(xiao)提(ti)升(sheng)加固效(xiao)果，延長(chang)結(jie)構(gou)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命。

地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)是土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)木工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中提升地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)力(li)(li)和穩定性(xing)(xing)的關(guan)(guan)鍵技術(shu)手段，其在于通過物理(li)或(huo)化(hua)(hua)學方法改(gai)善地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，從(cong)而(er)滿足(zu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)結(jie)構(gou)對(dui)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的強(qiang)度、變形及耐久性(xing)(xing)要求。其主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)途體現(xian)在以下(xia)幾個方面(mian)：**1.提升地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)力(li)(li)**當原有地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)質(zhi)松(song)軟(ruan)（如淤泥、回填土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)）或(huo)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)荷載(zai)(zai)超過地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)力(li)(li)時，需采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)樁(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)、注漿(jiang)(jiang)法或(huo)置換法進行(xing)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)。例如高層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)建(jian)(jian)筑通過樁(zhuang)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)將(jiang)荷載(zai)(zai)傳(chuan)遞至深層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)穩定土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)，工(gong)(gong)業(ye)廠(chang)房采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)碎(sui)石樁(zhuang)形成(cheng)復(fu)合地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，可(ke)顯著提高地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)壓強(qiang)度。**2.控制不均(jun)勻沉(chen)降(jiang)**軟(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)易產(chan)生差(cha)異沉(chen)降(jiang)導致(zhi)結(jie)構(gou)開裂。通過預(yu)壓排(pai)(pai)水法（如真空預(yu)壓）、深層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)攪(jiao)拌樁(zhuang)或(huo)樹根樁(zhuang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)，可(ke)加(jia)(jia)(jia)速(su)(su)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體固(gu)結(jie)，調(diao)節沉(chen)降(jiang)速(su)(su)率。如高速(su)(su)公路路基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)塑料(liao)排(pai)(pai)水板(ban)與(yu)堆載(zai)(zai)預(yu)壓結(jie)合，可(ke)減少工(gong)(gong)后沉(chen)降(jiang)80%以上(shang)。**3.抗(kang)(kang)(kang)震與(yu)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)液化(hua)(hua)處理(li)**區(qu)砂(sha)質(zhi)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)易發生液化(hua)(hua)失穩。采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)振沖碎(sui)石樁(zhuang)或(huo)高壓旋(xuan)噴樁(zhuang)可(ke)加(jia)(jia)(jia)密土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)體結(jie)構(gou)，增強(qiang)抗(kang)(kang)(kang)液化(hua)(hua)能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)。日(ri)本(ben)關(guan)(guan)東地(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)建(jian)(jian)筑地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)常采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)砂(sha)樁(zhuang)與(yu)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)工(gong)(gong)格(ge)柵(zha)復(fu)合加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)，有效提升抗(kang)(kang)(kang)震性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)。**4.既(ji)(ji)有建(jian)(jian)筑修復(fu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)**老(lao)舊建(jian)(jian)筑因地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)缺(que)陷(xian)出(chu)現(xian)傾斜(xie)(xie)時，可(ke)通過微型(xing)樁(zhuang)托(tuo)換、基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)擴(kuo)大(da)或(huo)化(hua)(hua)學注漿(jiang)(jiang)進行(xing)糾偏加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)。比薩斜(xie)(xie)塔采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)抽土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)糾偏技術(shu)，成(cheng)功(gong)將(jiang)傾斜(xie)(xie)角回調(diao)0.5度，延長使用(yong)(yong)(yong)壽命。**5.復(fu)雜(za)地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)環境施工(gong)(gong)**在巖(yan)溶、滑坡體等特殊地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)區(qu)域，采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)錨(mao)桿靜(jing)壓樁(zhuang)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)連(lian)續墻或(huo)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)釘支護(hu)(hu)，可(ke)構(gou)建(jian)(jian)穩定基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)體系(xi)。港珠澳大(da)橋人(ren)工(gong)(gong)島地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)處理(li)采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)深層(ceng)(ceng)(ceng)水泥攪(jiao)拌樁(zhuang)，成(cheng)功(gong)克服(fu)海底軟(ruan)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)難題。**6.地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)空間開發保(bao)護(hu)(hu)**地(di)(di)(di)(di)鐵(tie)隧道、地(di)(di)(di)(di)下(xia)管廊施工(gong)(gong)時，通過凍結(jie)法、注漿(jiang)(jiang)帷幕或(huo)SMW工(gong)(gong)法形成(cheng)止水加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)體系(xi)，既(ji)(ji)能(neng)(neng)維(wei)持開挖(wa)面(mian)穩定，又可(ke)防止周邊建(jian)(jian)筑沉(chen)降(jiang)。上(shang)海地(di)(di)(di)(di)鐵(tie)14號線采(cai)(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)凍結(jie)法加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)，實(shi)現(xian)穿越歷史建(jian)(jian)筑零沉(chen)降(jiang)。地(di)(di)(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)技術(shu)貫穿工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)全(quan)生命周期，從(cong)新建(jian)(jian)項(xiang)目到運維(wei)維(wei)護(hu)(hu)均(jun)發揮關(guan)(guan)鍵作(zuo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。隨著智能(neng)(neng)監測與(yu)新型(xing)材料(liao)發展，加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)正朝著化(hua)(hua)、綠色化(hua)(hua)方向(xiang)演進，為(wei)現(xian)代基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施建(jian)(jian)設(she)提供重要保(bao)障。

壓(ya)(ya)密注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)加固(gu)(gu)(gu)操作思(si)(si)路(lu)壓(ya)(ya)密注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)是一種通(tong)(tong)過(guo)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)注(zhu)入漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)液(ye)(ye)改良土(tu)體結(jie)構的地基(ji)加固(gu)(gu)(gu)技術(shu)，適(shi)用(yong)于松散砂土(tu)、粉(fen)土(tu)、回填土(tu)等軟弱地基(ji)處理。其操作思(si)(si)路(lu)如下(xia)：一、前期準備1.地質(zhi)勘察：通(tong)(tong)過(guo)鉆孔(kong)取(qu)樣、原(yuan)位(wei)(wei)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)明確(que)土(tu)層(ceng)分(fen)(fen)布、孔(kong)隙(xi)率(lv)及滲透性，確(que)定注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)深度(du)（通(tong)(tong)常3-15m）和加固(gu)(gu)(gu)范圍(wei)(wei)。2.漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)液(ye)(ye)配比：常用(yong)水泥-水玻(bo)璃(li)雙液(ye)(ye)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)（水灰比0.6-1.0，水泥:水玻(bo)璃(li)=1:0.3-0.6）或(huo)(huo)純水泥漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，流動性控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)12-18s（馬氏漏(lou)斗）。3.設備選型(xing)：采用(yong)液(ye)(ye)壓(ya)(ya)注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)泵（壓(ya)(ya)力(li)范圍(wei)(wei)1-5MPa），配套攪拌桶(tong)、注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)管(guan)及壓(ya)(ya)力(li)表。二(er)、注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)施工(gong)流程1.鉆孔(kong)定位(wei)(wei)：按梅花形布孔(kong)（間距1-2m），采用(yong)地質(zhi)鉆機成孔(kong)，孔(kong)徑(jing)75-110mm，垂直度(du)偏差＜1%。2.漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)管(guan)：采用(yong)袖閥管(guan)注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)工(gong)藝，分(fen)(fen)段(duan)設置注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)芯(xin)管(guan)，每(mei)段(duan)注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)長度(du)0.5-1.0m。3.分(fen)(fen)級注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)：自下(xia)而上(shang)分(fen)(fen)段(duan)注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)，初始(shi)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)0.5-1.0MPa，逐步提升(sheng)至2-3MPa。單孔(kong)注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)量(liang)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)公式Q=πr2hη計算（r為擴散半徑(jing)0.3-0.6m，h注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)段(duan)高(gao)，η孔(kong)隙(xi)率(lv)）。4.動態調控(kong)(kong)：實時(shi)(shi)監測(ce)(ce)注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)壓(ya)(ya)力(li)、流量(liang)，地基(ji)加固(gu)(gu)(gu)，當壓(ya)(ya)力(li)驟(zou)升(sheng)或(huo)(huo)地面冒漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)時(shi)(shi)，調整漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)液(ye)(ye)配比或(huo)(huo)間歇注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)。三、質(zhi)量(liang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)1.過(guo)程監測(ce)(ce)：采用(yong)抬動觀測(ce)(ce)樁監測(ce)(ce)地面隆起（控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)＜20mm），記錄每(mei)個孔(kong)位(wei)(wei)的注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)參數(shu)。2.效果(guo)檢測(ce)(ce)：注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)結(jie)束7天(tian)后(hou)進行標(biao)準貫入試(shi)驗（SPT）、靜力(li)觸探（CPT）或(huo)(huo)取(qu)芯(xin)強(qiang)度(du)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)，要(yao)求加固(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)土(tu)體無側限抗(kang)壓(ya)(ya)強(qiang)度(du)提高(gao)30%-50%。注(zhu)意事項：需避(bi)開地下(xia)管(guan)線，注(zhu)漿(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)(jiang)順序(xu)應'先外圍(wei)(wei)后(hou)內部'形成封閉區(qu)，雨(yu)季施工(gong)需做好排(pai)水措施。通(tong)(tong)過(guo)參數(shu)優化與過(guo)程控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)，可有效提高(gao)土(tu)體密實度(du)與承載力(li)。