變形觀測

對(dui)建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)(wu)及(ji)其(qi)地基由于荷重和地質條件變(bian)化等外界因素引起的各種變(bian)形（空(kong)間位移）的測定工作。其(qi)目(mu)的在于了解建(jian)(jian)筑物(wu)(wu)的穩定性，監視它的安(an)全情況，研究變(bian)形規(gui)律，檢驗設計理論及(ji)其(qi)所采用的計算方法和經驗數據，是(shi)工程測量學的重要內容之一。

觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)的主(zhu)要(yao)內容變(bian)形觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)主(zhu)要(yao)包括沉降(jiang)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)、位移觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)、撓度觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)、轉(zhuan)動(dong)(dong)角觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)和振動(dong)(dong)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)等。

沉(chen)(chen)降觀(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)建(jian)筑物(wu)或其基礎的(de)高程隨(sui)時(shi)間變化(hua)的(de)工作(zuo)。建(jian)筑物(wu)在(zai)施工和(he)運營期(qi)間，對埋設在(zai)基礎和(he)建(jian)筑物(wu)上的(de)觀(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)，管線(xian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪加盟(meng)，定(ding)(ding)(ding)期(qi)用(yong)精密水(shui)準測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)的(de)方法(fa)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)它們的(de)高程，泰安(an)管線(xian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)繪，比較觀(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)點(dian)不同周期(qi)的(de)高程即可求(qiu)得(de)其沉(chen)(chen)降值。有時(shi)也(ye)可用(yong)地(di)面立體(ti)(ti)攝影測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)的(de)方法(fa)及液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)靜(jing)力水(shui)準測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)的(de)方法(fa)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)定(ding)(ding)(ding)沉(chen)(chen)降值。在(zai)液(ye)(ye)體(ti)(ti)靜(jing)力水(shui)準測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(liang)中，可采用(yong)探(tan)針探(tan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)液(ye)(ye)面高程，也(ye)可采用(yong)將液(ye)(ye)面高程的(de)變化(hua)用(yong)傳感器輸(shu)出等方法(fa)實(shi)現自動化(hua)觀(guan)(guan)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)。

竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總(zong)(zong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)圖(tu)是(shi)設(she)計總(zong)(zong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)圖(tu)在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)后實際情況(kuang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)反映(ying)，管(guan)線(xian)測繪服務價格，所(suo)以設(she)計總(zong)(zong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)圖(tu)不能完全代替竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總(zong)(zong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)圖(tu)。編(bian)(bian)繪竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總(zong)(zong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)圖(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)在(zai)于：!在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中可能由于設(she)計時沒有考慮到(dao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題而使設(she)計有所(suo)變更，這(zhe)種(zhong)變更設(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)情況(kuang)必須通過測量反映(ying)到(dao)竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總(zong)(zong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)圖(tu)上；'它將便于日后進行各種(zhong)設(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)(li)、維(wei)修、擴建(jian)(jian)、改建(jian)(jian)、事故處理(li)(li)等工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，特別是(shi)地(di)下管(guan)道等隱蔽工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢查(cha)和維(wei)修；#為擴建(jian)(jian)提(ti)供原有各項建(jian)(jian)（構(gou)）筑(zhu)物地(di)上和地(di)下各種(zhong)管(guan)線(xian)及交通路線(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)坐標和高程(cheng)等資料(liao)。通常采用邊竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)邊編(bian)(bian)繪的(de)(de)(de)(de)方法來編(bian)(bian)繪竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總(zong)(zong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)圖(tu)。竣(jun)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)總(zong)(zong)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)面(mian)圖(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)編(bian)(bian)繪包括(kuo)室(shi)外(wai)實測和室(shi)內資料(liao)編(bian)(bian)繪兩方面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)內容。

普通地形圖的數字化

從現有(you)(you)地形(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu)(tu)上(shang)采(cai)集數據，將現有(you)(you)地形(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu)(tu)數字化(hua)(hua)，實現圖(tu)(tu)—數轉(zhuan)換(huan)并存(cun)入計(ji)算機，管線(xian)測繪(hui)(hui)單位，經(jing)補(bu)測和修測地形(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu)(tu)所需的(de)要素(su)后，由計(ji)算機綜合(he)處(chu)理，再通過繪(hui)(hui)圖(tu)(tu)儀(yi)繪(hui)(hui)制(zhi)地形(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu)(tu)。這種從地形(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu)(tu)上(shang)采(cai)集地形(xing)(xing)(xing)數據的(de)方法稱為(wei)普通地形(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu)(tu)的(de)數字化(hua)(hua)。它可以充分(fen)利用原有(you)(you)測繪(hui)(hui)成果的(de)資(zi)料，發揮已有(you)(you)普通測繪(hui)(hui)儀(yi)器的(de)作用，達到數字化(hua)(hua)測圖(tu)(tu)的(de)目的(de)，除圖(tu)(tu)的(de)精(jing)度有(you)(you)所損失(shi)外，比較經(jing)濟、實用。在(zai)現階段(duan)的(de)我國數字化(hua)(hua)測圖(tu)(tu)及其應用領域中，普通地形(xing)(xing)(xing)圖(tu)(tu)的(de)數字化(hua)(hua)同樣是一種較常用的(de)、行之有(you)(you)效的(de)方法。

將圖形(xing)信息轉換成數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)信息并輸入計(ji)算機的設備稱為數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)化(hua)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)，又稱為圖數(shu)(shu)轉換儀(yi)(yi)(yi)。根(gen)據(ju)其工(gong)作原理，數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)化(hua)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)分(fen)為手(shou)扶(fu)跟蹤數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)化(hua)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)和掃描數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)化(hua)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)兩大類。在大比(bi)例尺地形(xing)圖數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)化(hua)工(gong)作中，應用較普(pu)遍的是手(shou)扶(fu)式跟蹤數(shu)(shu)字(zi)(zi)化(hua)儀(yi)(yi)(yi)。