基坑支(zhi)護(hu)工(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)預(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)錨(mao)桿(gan)支(zhi)護(hu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)，是土木(mu)工(gong)(gong)程領(ling)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一項(xiang)前沿技(ji)(ji)術(shu)。它通過(guo)在(zai)巖(yan)土體(ti)內(nei)(nei)設(she)置預(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)錨(mao)桿(gan)來(lai)(lai)增(zeng)強(qiang)結構的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)穩(wen)(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和承載(zai)(zai)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)，具有(you)顯著的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)優勢和應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)前景(jing)。該技(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)原理是將巖(yan)土體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自重(zhong)和外(wai)荷載(zai)(zai)通過(guo)預(yu)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)錨(mao)桿(gan)傳遞(di)到穩(wen)(wen)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基巖(yan)層或(huo)地基中(zhong)，從而(er)達到支(zhi)撐(cheng)和固(gu)(gu)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。在(zai)施加(jia)初始(shi)拉力(li)(li)(li)后，預(yu)應(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)錨(mao)桿(gan)能(neng)夠約(yue)束邊壁變形、提(ti)高整體(ti)穩(wen)(wen)定性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)并有(you)效(xiao)控制位移量，特別適(shi)用(yong)(yong)于復(fu)雜地質條件和嚴格(ge)要求變形的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)深基坑工(gong)(gong)程項(xiang)目。此外(wai)，其結構相對簡(jian)單(dan)且施工(gong)(gong)簡(jian)便的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特點使得該技(ji)(ji)術(shu)在(zai)各類(lei)工(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)得到了(le)(le)廣(guang)泛(fan)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)和推(tui)廣(guang)優化(hua)：如采(cai)用(yong)(yong)鋼絞線等材料提(ti)升錨(mao)固(gu)(gu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)；注漿(jiang)工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)改(gai)進(jin)(jin)增(zeng)強(qiang)了(le)(le)粘結強(qiang)度(du)與(yu)耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)等等措施均(jun)進(jin)(jin)一步(bu)提(ti)高了(le)(le)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)效(xiao)果及(ji)經(jing)濟(ji)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)指標(biao)水平。近年(nian)來(lai)(lai)國內(nei)(nei)外(wai)學者對這(zhe)(zhe)項(xiang)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)進(jin)(jin)行了(le)(le)深入研(yan)究探討(tao)與(yu)交(jiao)流合作推(tui)動了(le)(le)相關標(biao)準規范不斷完(wan)善健全以及(ji)新(xin)型號針(zhen)對性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)更(geng)強(qiang)產(chan)品不斷涌現出來(lai)(lai)為行業技(ji)(ji)術(shu)進(jin)(jin)步(bu)提(ti)供了(le)(le)有(you)力(li)(li)(li)支(zhi)持保(bao)障同時也促進(jin)(jin)了(le)(le)其在(zai)更(geng)多(duo)領(ling)域內(nei)(nei)實現更(geng)加(jia)廣(guang)泛(fan)深入的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)發展，例如橋梁邊坡加(jia)固(gu)(gu)、隧道襯(chen)砌防(fang)護(hu)等領(ling)域也開(kai)始(shi)大量使用(yong)(yong)這(zhe)(zhe)種率低成本(ben)環(huan)保(bao)型技(ji)(ji)術(shu)手段來(lai)(lai)解(jie)決實際問題滿足(zu)多(duo)樣化(hua)需(xu)求場景(jing)挑戰(zhan)任務(wu)要求了(le)(le)新(xin)高度(du)和新(xin)層次上拓展延伸出來(lai)(lai)了(le)(le)廣(guang)闊(kuo)空(kong)間和發展機遇(yu)期！

基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)：建(jian)筑(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)生命線基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)是建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程中(zhong)確保地(di)下(xia)結構(gou)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)安全(quan)的(de)(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)，承(cheng)擔著抵抗土(tu)壓力、控制變形(xing)和保護(hu)(hu)(hu)周邊(bian)環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)重要職能(neng)。在高層建(jian)筑(zhu)、地(di)鐵工(gong)(gong)程及地(di)下(xia)空間開發中(zhong)，基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)深度(du)常(chang)達(da)數十米，其支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)質(zhi)量直(zhi)接決定工(gong)(gong)程成敗。現代基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)呈(cheng)現多樣化發展趨勢(shi)。排樁支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)通過(guo)(guo)鋼筋混凝(ning)土(tu)樁與錨索(suo)組合(he)(he)形(xing)成穩定體(ti)系，適用于深度(du)20米以內的(de)(de)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)；地(di)下(xia)連續墻憑(ping)借整體(ti)性好(hao)、止水(shui)(shui)性強等優勢(shi)，成為超深基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)的(de)(de)方案；土(tu)釘墻技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)通過(guo)(guo)植入鋼筋網與噴射混凝(ning)土(tu)加固土(tu)體(ti)，在淺層基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)中(zhong)具有經濟的(de)(de)特(te)點。近(jin)年來，裝配式(shi)鋼支(zhi)(zhi)撐、預(yu)應(ying)力魚腹(fu)梁等創新工(gong)(gong)藝的(de)(de)引(yin)入，進一步提(ti)升(sheng)了支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)結構(gou)的(de)(de)承(cheng)載(zai)性能(neng)。科學施(shi)工(gong)(gong)需(xu)遵循三大原則：首先(xian)，的(de)(de)地(di)質(zhi)勘(kan)察(cha)是基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)礎，需(xu)結合(he)(he)土(tu)質(zhi)參(can)數、地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)位(wei)及周邊(bian)建(jian)筑(zhu)荷載(zai)進行動(dong)態設(she)計。其次，智能(neng)化監測系統不可或缺，通過(guo)(guo)激光測距儀、傾角傳感器等設(she)備實時支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)結構(gou)位(wei)移(yi)與應(ying)力變化，預(yu)警值(zhi)(zhi)超過(guo)(guo)3‰即需(xu)啟動(dong)應(ying)急預(yu)案。第三，環(huan)境(jing)控制技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)日益重要，惠州基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)工(gong)(gong)程，采(cai)用帷幕注(zhu)(zhu)漿或凍(dong)結法阻(zu)斷地(di)下(xia)水(shui)(shui)滲(shen)透，應(ying)用BIM技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)優化支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)結構(gou)與管(guan)線布(bu)局的(de)(de)協同性。值(zhi)(zhi)得關注(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)是，2021年深圳某商業綜(zong)合(he)(he)體(ti)項(xiang)目采(cai)用'排樁+環(huan)形(xing)支(zhi)(zhi)撐'組合(he)(he)體(ti)系，成功在12米深基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)中(zhong)實現周邊(bian)地(di)鐵隧道0.3毫(hao)米的(de)(de)微變形(xing)控制。這印證了精細化設(she)計與智能(neng)監測的(de)(de)結合(he)(he)價(jia)值(zhi)(zhi)。隨(sui)著綠色(se)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)理念深化，可回(hui)收(shou)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)材料(liao)和低(di)擾動(dong)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)藝正成為行業研發重點。作為建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)風險(xian)高發區，基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)(hu)(hu)既是技(ji)術(shu)(shu)(shu)挑戰，更是安全(quan)責(ze)任的(de)(de)體(ti)現。將嚴謹的(de)(de)勘(kan)察(cha)設(she)計、的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)藝選(xuan)擇與全(quan)過(guo)(guo)程動(dong)態管(guan)控有機(ji)結合(he)(he)，方能(neng)筑(zhu)牢地(di)下(xia)工(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)安全(quan)基(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)石。

基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中灌(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)技術(shu)的(de)(de)應用(yong)優(you)勢與實踐案例灌(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)作(zuo)為深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程中應用(yong)廣(guang)泛的(de)(de)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)形式，憑(ping)借其(qi)優(you)勢在(zai)(zai)復(fu)雜地(di)(di)質(zhi)條件(jian)下展(zhan)現(xian)出顯(xian)(xian)著技術(shu)價(jia)值。其(qi)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)優(you)勢主要體(ti)(ti)現(xian)在(zai)(zai)四個方面：一(yi)是結構穩(wen)定性優(you)異(yi)，通(tong)(tong)過鋼筋混凝(ning)土樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)體(ti)(ti)形成連續支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)，可(ke)有(you)效(xiao)抵(di)抗土壓力(li)并控(kong)制(zhi)變形；二是適(shi)(shi)用(yong)性廣(guang)泛，能適(shi)(shi)應軟土、砂(sha)層及地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)豐富等多種地(di)(di)質(zhi)條件(jian)，樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)徑（800-1500mm）和(he)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)長（可(ke)達30m以(yi)上）可(ke)根(gen)據工(gong)(gong)(gong)程需(xu)求靈活(huo)調整；三是施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝成熟，采(cai)用(yong)旋挖或沖孔成樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)技術(shu)，深(shen)(shen)圳(zhen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程，對(dui)周邊環境影(ying)響(xiang)較小，特別適(shi)(shi)合(he)(he)(he)城(cheng)市密集區施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)；四是通(tong)(tong)過設(she)置樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)間止水(shui)(shui)帷幕，可(ke)有(you)效(xiao)控(kong)制(zhi)地(di)(di)下水(shui)(shui)位，保障基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)安全。典型(xing)案例顯(xian)(xian)示其(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程價(jia)值：上海某超(chao)高層建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)項目（深(shen)(shen)度(du)(du)15.2m）采(cai)用(yong)φ1000mm灌(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)結合(he)(he)(he)兩道混凝(ning)土支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)撐，成功克(ke)服軟土地(di)(di)基(ji)(ji)變形難題，周邊建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)物沉降(jiang)控(kong)制(zhi)在(zai)(zai)8mm以(yi)內；杭州地(di)(di)鐵某車站(zhan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程在(zai)(zai)粉(fen)砂(sha)地(di)(di)層中運用(yong)咬合(he)(he)(he)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝（樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)間距1.2m），東(dong)莞基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程，實現(xian)止水(shui)(shui)與支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)雙(shuang)重功能，鄰近建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)傾斜率低于1‰；北(bei)京某商業綜合(he)(he)(he)體(ti)(ti)項目（開(kai)挖深(shen)(shen)度(du)(du)18m）采(cai)用(yong)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)錨支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)體(ti)(ti)系(xi)(xi)，基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程，在(zai)(zai)復(fu)雜填土與砂(sha)卵(luan)石交互地(di)(di)層中完成支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)，大水(shui)(shui)平位移(yi)僅(jin)21mm。這些工(gong)(gong)(gong)程實踐證明，灌(guan)注(zhu)(zhu)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)通(tong)(tong)過合(he)(he)(he)理的(de)(de)設(she)計參數（樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)間距1.0-1.5倍(bei)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)徑、嵌固深(shen)(shen)度(du)(du)0.8-1.2倍(bei)開(kai)挖深(shen)(shen)度(du)(du)）和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)控(kong)制(zhi)，可(ke)有(you)效(xiao)解決(jue)深(shen)(shen)基(ji)(ji)坑(keng)(keng)支(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)護(hu)的(de)(de)技術(shu)難題，具有(you)顯(xian)(xian)著的(de)(de)經濟效(xiao)益和(he)社會效(xiao)益。