置(zhi)(zhi)換(huan)加固工(gong)藝(yi)是一(yi)種針(zhen)對(dui)既有建筑或(huo)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)缺陷(xian)部(bu)位進(jin)行局部(bu)替換(huan)與(yu)強化的(de)(de)工(gong)程技術，適用(yong)于混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)破損、承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)(zai)力(li)不(bu)足(zu)或(huo)地基(ji)軟弱等場景。其(qi)工(gong)藝(yi)如下(xia)：1.**勘察設(she)(she)計(ji)與(yu)方案制(zhi)定(ding)**通(tong)過結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)檢(jian)測(ce)、破損評估及承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)(zai)力(li)驗(yan)算確(que)定(ding)置(zhi)(zhi)換(huan)范圍，根(gen)據(ju)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)類(lei)型（梁、柱、板或(huo)地基(ji)）設(she)(she)計(ji)置(zhi)(zhi)換(huan)深度(du)(du)（通(tong)常為缺陷(xian)層(ceng)厚度(du)(du)1.2-1.5倍(bei)）。同步(bu)規(gui)劃臨時支(zhi)撐體系，確(que)保施工(gong)期(qi)間結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)穩定(ding)。2.**施工(gong)準(zhun)備**搭(da)設(she)(she)滿堂(tang)支(zhi)架或(huo)型鋼(gang)支(zhi)撐系統，荷載(zai)(zai)(zai)需(xu)達原結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)受力(li)的(de)(de)120%。采(cai)用(yong)金剛(gang)石繩鋸/液壓鉗(qian)進(jin)行靜力(li)切割(ge)，切口距置(zhi)(zhi)換(huan)區(qu)邊緣預留(liu)10-15cm過渡區(qu)。對(dui)保留(liu)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)表面進(jin)行鑿(zao)毛處理，露(lu)出(chu)新鮮骨料并植入Φ8-12剪力(li)筋(jin)，間距15-20cm。3.**置(zhi)(zhi)換(huan)施工(gong)**-**混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)**：分層(ceng)澆筑C40以上微膨脹混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)，每層(ceng)厚度(du)(du)≤30cm，采(cai)用(yong)高(gao)頻振(zhen)搗器(qi)密實。頂部(bu)預留(liu)2cm采(cai)用(yong)環氧(yang)砂漿收面。-**地基(ji)加固**：分段(duan)開挖置(zhi)(zhi)換(huan)區(qu)后回填級配砂石，每20cm分層(ceng)夯實至密實度(du)(du)≥95%，或(huo)灌注(zhu)水泥(ni)-水玻璃雙液漿。-鋼(gang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)加固：采(cai)用(yong)等強度(du)(du)替換(huan)原則，新鋼(gang)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)通(tong)過高(gao)強螺栓或(huo)坡口焊與(yu)原有結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)連接。4.**養護與(yu)界面處理**混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)養護周(zhou)期(qi)≥14天，采(cai)用(yong)覆膜+定(ding)時噴淋保持濕度(du)(du)。新舊(jiu)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)接縫處涂刷環氧(yang)界面劑，重(zhong)要節點(dian)增設(she)(she)碳(tan)纖維布或(huo)鋼(gang)板外包。5.**質量檢(jian)測(ce)**通(tong)過回彈法(fa)/鉆芯法(fa)檢(jian)測(ce)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)強度(du)(du)，超(chao)聲波檢(jian)測(ce)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)合面密實度(du)(du)，靜載(zai)(zai)(zai)試驗(yan)驗(yan)證承(cheng)載(zai)(zai)(zai)力(li)提升(sheng)效果(guo)，確(que)保達到設(she)(she)計(ji)要求的(de)(de)1.15倍(bei)安全(quan)系數。該工(gong)藝(yi)需(xu)嚴(yan)格把控荷載(zai)(zai)(zai)轉移時序(xu)，采(cai)用(yong)BIM技術模擬應力(li)變化，全(quan)過程監(jian)測(ce)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)變形。相比傳(chuan)統加固法(fa)，具有針(zhen)對(dui)性強、傳(chuan)力(li)明(ming)確(que)的(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)，尤(you)其(qi)適用(yong)于局部(bu)嚴(yan)重(zhong)損毀的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)修復。

裝修(xiu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)工(gong)(gong)藝流程是確(que)(que)保建(jian)筑結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)安全的(de)(de)關鍵環節，主要包含以下步驟：**1.現(xian)(xian)場勘(kan)察與(yu)(yu)方(fang)案設計**首先需(xu)(xu)由(you)機構(gou)(gou)(gou)對(dui)房(fang)屋進行(xing)(xing)(xing)檢(jian)測，利用(yong)儀器(qi)分(fen)析墻(qiang)體裂縫(feng)、梁(liang)(liang)柱變形、地基(ji)沉降等問題，巴彥淖爾加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，明確(que)(que)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)需(xu)(xu)求。根據勘(kan)察結(jie)(jie)果，結(jie)(jie)合建(jian)筑圖紙(zhi)制定加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)方(fang)案，確(que)(que)定施工(gong)(gong)范圍及材料選(xuan)用(yong)標(biao)準（如碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維布、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板(ban)、混(hun)凝土等），并報(bao)相關部(bu)門審批(pi)。**2.施工(gong)(gong)準備**清理現(xian)(xian)場障礙物(wu)，墻(qiang)改梁(liang)(liang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，對(dui)水(shui)電管線進行(xing)(xing)(xing)臨時(shi)保護(hu)或(huo)遷(qian)移。根據方(fang)案采購符合的(de)(de)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)膠、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)、錨栓等材料，并檢(jian)查其質(zhi)量證明文件。同時(shi)搭設安全腳(jiao)手架，設置施工(gong)(gong)警示標(biao)識(shi)。**3.結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)施工(gong)(gong)**-**基(ji)礎(chu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)**：若地基(ji)不(bu)穩，可(ke)(ke)采用(yong)注漿法填充地下空(kong)隙，或(huo)擴大基(ji)礎(chu)截面(mian)(mian)(mian)。-**梁(liang)(liang)柱加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)**：對(dui)承載(zai)力(li)不(bu)足的(de)(de)梁(liang)(liang)柱，常(chang)用(yong)外包鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)法或(huo)碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維布包裹。施工(gong)(gong)時(shi)需(xu)(xu)先打(da)磨表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)至堅實層(ceng)，涂刷(shua)底膠后貼(tie)合材料，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)壓(ya)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)化。-**墻(qiang)體加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)**：裂縫(feng)處采用(yong)高壓(ya)注漿修(xiu)復，空(kong)心磚墻(qiang)可(ke)(ke)增設鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)混(hun)凝土板(ban)墻(qiang)。承重(zhong)墻(qiang)開洞后需(xu)(xu)用(yong)型鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)框架補強。-**樓板(ban)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)**：板(ban)底粘貼(tie)碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維布或(huo)增設鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)梁(liang)(liang)，板(ban)面(mian)(mian)(mian)澆筑加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)厚(hou)層(ceng)并鋪設鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)網(wang)。**4.細節處理與(yu)(yu)養護(hu)**加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)后對(dui)邊緣接縫(feng)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)防(fang)水(shui)密封(feng)，修(xiu)補飾面(mian)(mian)(mian)層(ceng)。結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)膠需(xu)(xu)在5℃以上環境(jing)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)化72小(xiao)時(shi)，期間避免震動或(huo)負載(zai)。混(hun)凝土加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)厚(hou)部(bu)分(fen)需(xu)(xu)灑水(shui)養護(hu)7天以上。**5.質(zhi)量驗(yan)收(shou)**委托第三方(fang)檢(jian)測機構(gou)(gou)(gou)進行(xing)(xing)(xing)荷(he)載(zai)試驗(yan)、超聲波探傷等，確(que)(que)保加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)部(bu)位達到設計強度。驗(yan)收(shou)合格后，提交施工(gong)(gong)報(bao)告及質(zhi)保文件，恢復現(xian)(xian)場水(shui)電及裝飾層(ceng)。**注意事項**：施工(gong)(gong)需(xu)(xu)遵(zun)循(xun)《建(jian)筑結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)規(gui)范》，嚴禁擅自修(xiu)改方(fang)案。雨季需(xu)(xu)做好防(fang)潮措施，高空(kong)作(zuo)業須系安全帶。通過規(gui)范流程，可(ke)(ke)有效提升建(jian)筑抗震性與(yu)(yu)使用(yong)壽命(ming)。

加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)是指通過技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)手段(duan)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)既有(you)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物或工(gong)程(cheng)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)承載能(neng)力(li)、耐久性和安全性的(de)(de)(de)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)性工(gong)程(cheng)。隨著城市化(hua)(hua)進(jin)程(cheng)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)快和建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)使用(yong)年限增(zeng)長，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)，大(da)(da)量老舊建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面臨材料老化(hua)(hua)、荷載變(bian)化(hua)(hua)及抗(kang)震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)標(biao)(biao)準提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)等問(wen)題，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)因此成為現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)工(gong)程(cheng)領域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要研究方向。###一、加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)應用(yong)領域(yu)(yu)1.**建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)**：針對混凝土(tu)開裂、鋼(gang)筋銹蝕(shi)的(de)(de)(de)梁柱節(jie)點加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)2.**橋梁工(gong)程(cheng)**：大(da)(da)跨度(du)(du)橋梁的(de)(de)(de)預應力(li)補(bu)強與橋墩基(ji)礎加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)3.**歷史(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)**：建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)抗(kang)震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)性能(neng)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)與風貌保(bao)護性加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)4.**工(gong)業設施(shi)(shi)**：廠房結(jie)構(gou)(gou)承載力(li)升(sheng)級與設備振(zhen)動(dong)控制(zhi)###二、技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)體系(xi)(xi)(xi)1.**材料增(zeng)強技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)**-碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)布（CFRP）粘貼：抗(kang)拉強度(du)(du)達(da)(da)3400MPa，厚度(du)(du)僅0.167mm-鋼(gang)板外包法：采用(yong)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)膠粘劑(ji)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)新(xin)舊材料協同工(gong)作-噴射(she)混凝土(tu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)：28天抗(kang)壓強度(du)(du)可(ke)(ke)(ke)達(da)(da)C40標(biao)(biao)準2.**結(jie)構(gou)(gou)補(bu)強體系(xi)(xi)(xi)**-體外預應力(li)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)：通過鋼(gang)絞線施(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)反向彎矩-增(zeng)大(da)(da)截面法：截面擴大(da)(da)率(lv)(lv)(lv)控制(zhi)在20-40%區間-空間桁架(jia)體系(xi)(xi)(xi)：適用(yong)于大(da)(da)跨度(du)(du)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)剛度(du)(du)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)3.**智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)監(jian)測系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)**-光(guang)纖(xian)(xian)光(guang)柵傳感器：實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)0.1με級應變(bian)監(jian)測精(jing)度(du)(du)-微震(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)監(jian)測網絡：可(ke)(ke)(ke)提(ti)(ti)前72小時預警結(jie)構(gou)(gou)損傷發(fa)展(zhan)-BIM數字(zi)化(hua)(hua)平(ping)臺：建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)立結(jie)構(gou)(gou)健康(kang)三維(wei)診斷(duan)模(mo)型(xing)###三、技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)發(fa)展(zhan)趨勢(shi)1.新(xin)型(xing)復(fu)(fu)合(he)(he)(he)材料應用(yong)：玄武巖纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)（BFRP）成本較碳(tan)纖(xian)(xian)維(wei)降(jiang)低40%2.自修復(fu)(fu)混凝土(tu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)：微修復(fu)(fu)劑(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)實(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)3次以上裂縫(feng)自愈合(he)(he)(he)3.3D打(da)印(yin)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)構(gou)(gou)件：鈦合(he)(he)(he)金打(da)印(yin)節(jie)點承載力(li)提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)65%4.人工(gong)智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)診斷(duan)系(xi)(xi)(xi)統(tong)：基(ji)于深度(du)(du)學習的(de)(de)(de)損傷識別準確率(lv)(lv)(lv)達(da)(da)92%加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)工(gong)程(cheng)實(shi)施(shi)(shi)需遵循'檢(jian)測-設計(ji)-施(shi)(shi)工(gong)-驗收'標(biao)(biao)準化(hua)(hua)流程(cheng)，房屋建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)，通過機構(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構(gou)(gou)安全評(ping)估，選擇(ze)適宜加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)方案。現(xian)(xian)(xian)代(dai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)不僅延(yan)長結(jie)構(gou)(gou)使用(yong)壽命(ming)，更通過提(ti)(ti)升(sheng)資源(yuan)利用(yong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)推動(dong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)領域(yu)(yu)的(de)(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)(ke)持續發(fa)展(zhan)，據國際建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)協會統(tong)計(ji)，合(he)(he)(he)理加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)可(ke)(ke)(ke)比拆除重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)節(jie)約60%以上的(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)排(pai)放。隨著智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)造技(ji)(ji)(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)工(gong)程(cheng)正(zheng)朝著化(hua)(hua)、綠(lv)色化(hua)(hua)、智(zhi)(zhi)能(neng)化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)方向演(yan)進(jin)。