建(jian)(jian)筑加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)是針對(dui)既有建(jian)(jian)筑物進行(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)提升、功能(neng)優(you)化(hua)(hua)(hua)和安全(quan)隱(yin)患消除的系(xi)統工(gong)程。隨(sui)著(zhu)城鎮化(hua)(hua)(hua)進程加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)快和建(jian)(jian)筑老齡(ling)化(hua)(hua)(hua)問題加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)劇(ju)，裝(zhuang)修(xiu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)已成(cheng)為(wei)延長建(jian)(jian)筑壽命(ming)、提升抗震性(xing)(xing)能(neng)、適應(ying)新使用(yong)需(xu)求的重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)手段。一、加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)的常見需(xu)求1.結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)缺(que)陷修(xiu)復(fu)：因施(shi)(shi)工(gong)質量問題、材料老化(hua)(hua)(hua)或自然災(zai)害造(zao)(zao)成(cheng)的結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)損傷2.功能(neng)升級：商(shang)業(ye)建(jian)(jian)筑擴容、工(gong)業(ye)廠房設備(bei)增重(zhong)、歷史建(jian)(jian)筑保(bao)(bao)護性(xing)(xing)改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)3.規范更新：滿足現行(xing)(xing)抗震、消防(fang)等強制(zhi)性(xing)(xing)標準要(yao)(yao)求4.災(zai)后(hou)修(xiu)復(fu)：、火災(zai)等災(zai)害后(hou)的結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)修(xiu)復(fu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)二、主要(yao)(yao)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)手段1.混凝土結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)：采用(yong)碳纖維布包裹(guo)、鋼(gang)板外(wai)包、增大截面(mian)法、預應(ying)力加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)等技(ji)(ji)術(shu)2.鋼(gang)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)：通過(guo)焊接補(bu)強板、增設支(zhi)撐體系(xi)、體外(wai)預應(ying)力等方(fang)式(shi)3.基礎(chu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)：運(yun)用(yong)靜壓(ya)樁托換、地基注漿、微型樁等基礎(chu)補(bu)強技(ji)(ji)術(shu)4.隔震消能(neng)：安裝(zhuang)阻尼器、隔震支(zhi)座等減震裝(zhuang)置(zhi)三、實(shi)施(shi)(shi)流(liu)程規范加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)需(xu)遵循(xun)'檢測(ce)鑒定-方(fang)案設計-施(shi)(shi)工(gong)驗收(shou)'的科學流(liu)程。首先由檢測(ce)機構(gou)(gou)進行(xing)(xing)結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)安全(quan)性(xing)(xing)評估(gu)，設計單位(wei)根據(ju)檢測(ce)報告制(zhi)定加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)方(fang)案，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)階段需(xu)嚴格遵循(xun)《建(jian)(jian)筑抗震加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)規程》（JGJ116-2009）等規范要(yao)(yao)求，通過(guo)第三方(fang)檢測(ce)確保(bao)(bao)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)效(xiao)果。四(si)、注意(yi)事項1.需(xu)綜合(he)考慮結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)體系(xi)整體性(xing)(xing)能(neng)，避免局(ju)部加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)引發新的薄弱環節2.優(you)先選用(yong)對(dui)原結(jie)(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)損傷小的加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)工(gong)藝3.新舊材料結(jie)(jie)(jie)合(he)部位(wei)的界面(mian)處理至關重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)4.改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)過(guo)程中需(xu)進行(xing)(xing)實(shi)時監(jian)測(ce)確保(bao)(bao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)安全(quan)隨(sui)著(zhu)BIM技(ji)(ji)術(shu)和智能(neng)監(jian)測(ce)系(xi)統的應(ying)用(yong)，現代加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)正向數字化(hua)(hua)(hua)、精細(xi)化(hua)(hua)(hua)方(fang)向發展。合(he)理實(shi)施(shi)(shi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)改(gai)(gai)(gai)造(zao)(zao)不(bu)僅能(neng)節約60%以上的新建(jian)(jian)成(cheng)本(ben)，更能(neng)有效(xiao)提升建(jian)(jian)筑可持續(xu)性(xing)(xing)，對(dui)城市更新和遺產保(bao)(bao)護具有重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)價值。

危(wei)房加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)是一項關(guan)乎建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)安(an)全(quan)與生(sheng)命財產安(an)全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)工(gong)(gong)程，需(xu)要(yao)科(ke)學規(gui)劃(hua)與實施(shi)(shi)。以下是危(wei)房加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)的(de)(de)(de)知識要(yao)點：###一、結(jie)構(gou)安(an)全(quan)評估加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)前必(bi)須委(wei)托機(ji)構(gou)對房屋進(jin)行(xing)檢測，包(bao)括地基(ji)沉(chen)降、承重(zhong)結(jie)構(gou)（梁、柱、墻(qiang)）開(kai)裂程度(du)、材料老化情況等，通過荷(he)載(zai)計算和抗震評估確定(ding)危(wei)險等級。檢測報(bao)告是制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)方(fang)案(an)的(de)(de)(de)依據。###二、常(chang)用(yong)(yong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)技(ji)術(shu)1.**基(ji)礎加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)**：針對地基(ji)問題，采用(yong)(yong)注漿(jiang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)、擴大基(ji)礎底(di)面(mian)積或(huo)(huo)(huo)增設(she)(she)樁基(ji)等方(fang)式提(ti)升承載(zai)力。2.**墻(qiang)體(ti)(ti)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)**：對承重(zhong)墻(qiang)裂縫采用(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)網片(pian)+高(gao)強(qiang)砂漿(jiang)抹面(mian)；空斗墻(qiang)可(ke)(ke)增設(she)(she)構(gou)造柱與圈梁形(xing)成整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)(ti)框架(jia)。3.**梁柱加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)**：混凝土構(gou)件采用(yong)(yong)外包(bao)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)或(huo)(huo)(huo)碳(tan)纖(xian)維布包(bao)裹(guo)；木結(jie)構(gou)可(ke)(ke)使用(yong)(yong)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)構(gou)套箍或(huo)(huo)(huo)環氧樹脂填補(bu)裂縫。4.**樓板加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)**：預(yu)制(zhi)(zhi)板加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)設(she)(she)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)梁支撐，現(xian)澆板底(di)部(bu)粘貼(tie)碳(tan)纖(xian)維布或(huo)(huo)(huo)增設(she)(she)疊合層。###三、材料選擇要(yao)點優先(xian)選用(yong)(yong)輕質高(gao)強(qiang)材料（如(ru)碳(tan)纖(xian)維布、結(jie)構(gou)膠）以減(jian)少附(fu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)荷(he)載(zai)；鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)材需(xu)做(zuo)防腐處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)，混凝土強(qiang)度(du)等級需(xu)比(bi)原結(jie)構(gou)提(ti)高(gao)一級。傳統磚(zhuan)木結(jie)構(gou)應(ying)注重(zhong)防潮防腐材料應(ying)用(yong)(yong)。###四、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)注意事項1.遵循(xun)'先(xian)支撐后(hou)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)'原則，危(wei)房加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)，設(she)(she)置臨時支撐體(ti)(ti)系保障施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)2.新(xin)舊結(jie)構(gou)連接處(chu)(chu)需(xu)鑿毛并采用(yong)(yong)植筋(jin)技(ji)術(shu)3.加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)后(hou)需(xu)進(jin)行(xing)72小時沉(chen)降觀(guan)測和荷(he)載(zai)試驗(yan)4.保留20%設(she)(she)計余量以應(ying)對未來(lai)可(ke)(ke)能的(de)(de)(de)荷(he)載(zai)變化###五、規(gui)范與監(jian)管必(bi)須符合《民用(yong)(yong)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)可(ke)(ke)靠性鑒定(ding)標(biao)準》（GB50292）和《建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)抗震加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)技(ji)術(shu)規(gui)程》（JGJ116）。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業需(xu)具備特種，加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)設(she)(she)計，竣工(gong)(gong)后(hou)需(xu)通過第三方(fang)檢測驗(yan)收。危(wei)房加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)是延(yan)長建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)壽命的(de)(de)(de)經(jing)濟方(fang)案(an)，但超(chao)過結(jie)構(gou)極限（如(ru)整(zheng)(zheng)體(ti)(ti)傾斜(xie)率(lv)＞4‰）或(huo)(huo)(huo)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)成本(ben)超(chao)新(xin)建(jian)(jian)造價(jia)70%時，建(jian)(jian)議(yi)拆除重(zhong)建(jian)(jian)。日常(chang)應(ying)建(jian)(jian)立定(ding)期檢測機(ji)制(zhi)(zhi)，早(zao)發現(xian)早(zao)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)方(fang)能有效防控(kong)風(feng)險。

超(chao)市加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)是為(wei)提升(sheng)商業場所安全(quan)(quan)性(xing)(xing)和耐用(yong)性(xing)(xing)的系統(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)改(gai)造工程，主要針對(dui)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)結(jie)(jie)構、貨(huo)架(jia)(jia)設備(bei)、消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)設施等(deng)(deng)關鍵(jian)環(huan)節(jie)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)優(you)化，旨在應對(dui)自然災害、設備(bei)老化及高(gao)負荷運營帶來的潛(qian)在風(feng)險(xian)。以(yi)下是其要點(dian)(dian)：###一(yi)、結(jie)(jie)構安全(quan)(quan)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)針對(dui)超(chao)市大跨(kua)度空間特點(dian)(dian)，需(xu)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)檢測(ce)梁(liang)柱承重(zhong)(zhong)能(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)及樓板荷載。采(cai)用(yong)碳纖維(wei)(wei)布包裹(guo)或鋼板加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)薄(bo)弱(ruo)節(jie)點(dian)(dian)，增設鋼構支(zhi)撐柱提升(sheng)抗(kang)震性(xing)(xing)。對(dui)地(di)基沉降(jiang)區域(yu)實(shi)施注漿加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)，確保(bao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)整體穩定性(xing)(xing)。此(ci)類改(gai)造可延長(chang)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)壽命10-15年，同時(shi)滿足現(xian)行(xing)(xing)抗(kang)震規(gui)范(fan)要求。###二、貨(huo)架(jia)(jia)系統(tong)(tong)強(qiang)化根據(ju)倉儲(chu)需(xu)求升(sheng)級貨(huo)架(jia)(jia)結(jie)(jie)構：1.重(zhong)(zhong)型(xing)貨(huo)架(jia)(jia)采(cai)用(yong)螺栓錨固(gu)，加(jia)(jia)(jia)裝(zhuang)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)傾倒支(zhi)架(jia)(jia)；2.立(li)柱底(di)部增設橡膠(jiao)墊緩沖共振(zhen)；3.頂層設置(zhi)限高(gao)擋(dang)板防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)止貨(huo)物滑落。電子(zi)價(jia)簽架(jia)(jia)等(deng)(deng)易損部位(wei)使(shi)用(yong)加(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)型(xing)鋁合(he)金框架(jia)(jia)，通(tong)道(dao)區域(yu)貨(huo)架(jia)(jia)配置(zhi)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)撞(zhuang)護欄。###三、消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)與(yu)電力(li)(li)(li)(li)改(gai)造消(xiao)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)系統(tong)(tong)升(sheng)級包括：增設智(zhi)能(neng)煙感報警器(qi)、更(geng)新(xin)高(gao)壓細水霧滅火裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、拓寬安全(quan)(quan)通(tong)道(dao)至1.8米(mi)以(yi)上(shang)。電力(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong)(tong)重(zhong)(zhong)點(dian)(dian)改(gai)造老舊線路，配電箱(xiang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)裝(zhuang)漏電保(bao)護模塊(kuai)，冷庫等(deng)(deng)大功率(lv)設備(bei)單獨(du)配置(zhi)抗(kang)震支(zhi)架(jia)(jia)，屋(wu)面(mian)安裝(zhuang)防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)雷(lei)接地(di)系統(tong)(tong)。###四、服(fu)務(wu)選擇要點(dian)(dian)建(jian)(jian)(jian)議選擇具備(bei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)專項資質的團隊，加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)，采(cai)用(yong)Q345鋼材、C30以(yi)上(shang)混凝土等(deng)(deng)材料。改(gai)造后需(xu)每半年進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)荷載檢測(ce)，臺風(feng)頻(pin)發地(di)區應額外(wai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)強(qiang)外(wai)立(li)面(mian)抗(kang)風(feng)壓設計。合(he)規(gui)改(gai)造可使(shi)超(chao)市意外(wai)事故率(lv)降(jiang)低(di)(di)60%以(yi)上(shang)，日均客流量承載力(li)(li)(li)(li)提升(sheng)30%。通(tong)過科學(xue)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)，超(chao)市不僅能(neng)通(tong)過安全(quan)(quan)驗收，更(geng)能(neng)構建(jian)(jian)(jian)預防(fang)(fang)(fang)(fang)性(xing)(xing)維(wei)(wei)護體系，為(wei)消(xiao)費者創造更(geng)安心的購物環(huan)境(jing)，同時(shi)降(jiang)低(di)(di)長(chang)期(qi)運營維(wei)(wei)護成本。當前大型(xing)連(lian)鎖商超(chao)已將定期(qi)加(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)納(na)入(ru)標準化管(guan)理(li)流程，成為(wei)現(xian)代零售業風(feng)險(xian)管(guan)理(li)的重(zhong)(zhong)要環(huan)節(jie)。