橋梁(liang)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)是一項(xiang)系統(tong)(tong)(tong)性(xing)(xing)工(gong)程(cheng)，需綜合考慮結(jie)構安全(quan)(quan)、施(shi)工(gong)可(ke)行性(xing)(xing)和經(jing)濟性(xing)(xing)。以(yi)下(xia)是關(guan)(guan)鍵注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)事項(xiang)：**1.前(qian)期(qi)(qi)檢(jian)測與評估(gu)**加(jia)固(gu)(gu)前(qian)必須開展檢(jian)測，包括(kuo)混凝土(tu)(tu)強度、裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)分(fen)布、鋼(gang)筋銹蝕、基礎(chu)沉(chen)降等(deng)(deng)(deng)，結(jie)合荷(he)載試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)和有限(xian)元分(fen)析，明確(que)結(jie)構病害(hai)根源(yuan)及承載能力(li)。檢(jian)測數據(ju)應(ying)(ying)(ying)作(zuo)為加(jia)固(gu)(gu)設計的(de)(de)依據(ju)，避免經(jing)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)主義決策。**2.方(fang)(fang)案(an)設計的(de)(de)科(ke)學性(xing)(xing)**加(jia)固(gu)(gu)方(fang)(fang)案(an)需滿足'強度補強+剛度協調'原則(ze)。新(xin)(xin)舊結(jie)構連(lian)接應(ying)(ying)(ying)采用化(hua)學植(zhi)筋、噴射混凝土(tu)(tu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)可(ke)靠工(gong)藝，特(te)別注(zhu)意(yi)(yi)不同材料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)彈性(xing)(xing)模量差(cha)異。對(dui)于大跨徑(jing)橋梁(liang)，需驗(yan)(yan)(yan)算加(jia)固(gu)(gu)后的(de)(de)動力(li)特(te)性(xing)(xing)變化(hua)，避免引發共振風險。**3.材料(liao)(liao)質量控制**優先選用環氧砂漿、碳(tan)纖維布等(deng)(deng)(deng)耐久性(xing)(xing)材料(liao)(liao)，進場前(qian)需進行力(li)學性(xing)(xing)能復驗(yan)(yan)(yan)。潮(chao)濕環境應(ying)(ying)(ying)使用水下(xia)結(jie)構膠，嚴寒地(di)區須檢(jian)測材料(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)低溫固(gu)(gu)化(hua)性(xing)(xing)能。嚴禁使用過期(qi)(qi)膠粘劑或受潮(chao)復合材料(liao)(liao)。**4.施(shi)工(gong)過程(cheng)控制**（1）交通管制：設置(zhi)分(fen)級預(yu)警系統(tong)(tong)(tong)，重(zhong)型(xing)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)作(zuo)業時(shi)(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)限(xian)制通行荷(he)載；（2）界(jie)面(mian)(mian)處理(li)：舊混凝土(tu)(tu)鑿(zao)毛深度≥5mm，露出新(xin)(xin)鮮(xian)骨料(liao)(liao)后高壓清(qing)洗；（3）應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)監控：預(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)加(jia)固(gu)(gu)時(shi)(shi)同步監測關(guan)(guan)鍵截(jie)面(mian)(mian)應(ying)(ying)(ying)變，張拉(la)力(li)偏差(cha)應(ying)(ying)(ying)控制在±5%以(yi)內；（4）季(ji)節性(xing)(xing)施(shi)工(gong)：冬(dong)季(ji)采取(qu)保溫養護，設備加(jia)固(gu)(gu)，雨季(ji)搭(da)設防雨棚保證(zheng)粘結(jie)面(mian)(mian)干燥。**5.隱蔽工(gong)程(cheng)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)收**對(dui)植(zhi)筋深度、裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)注(zhu)漿飽滿度等(deng)(deng)(deng)隱蔽工(gong)序，應(ying)(ying)(ying)采用內窺鏡檢(jian)測、拉(la)拔試(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)(deng)手段驗(yan)(yan)(yan)收。建立影像資料(liao)(liao)檔案(an)，關(guan)(guan)鍵節點留存360°全(quan)(quan)景影像記錄(lu)。**6.后期(qi)(qi)維護機(ji)制**加(jia)固(gu)(gu)后設置(zhi)3年專項(xiang)觀(guan)測期(qi)(qi)，建筑加(jia)固(gu)(gu)，每(mei)季(ji)度檢(jian)測裂(lie)縫(feng)(feng)發展、撓度變化(hua)等(deng)(deng)(deng)情況。在橋頭設立加(jia)固(gu)(gu)信(xin)息(xi)銘牌，注(zhu)明加(jia)固(gu)(gu)時(shi)(shi)間、方(fang)(fang)法(fa)和容許(xu)荷(he)載，禁止超限(xian)車(che)輛通行。加(jia)固(gu)(gu)工(gong)程(cheng)應(ying)(ying)(ying)遵(zun)循'動態設計、信(xin)息(xi)化(hua)施(shi)工(gong)'理(li)念，通過監測數據(ju)實時(shi)(shi)優化(hua)方(fang)(fang)案(an)，確(que)保結(jie)構安全(quan)(quan)服役(yi)年限(xian)延長15年以(yi)上。同時(shi)(shi)需統(tong)(tong)(tong)籌考慮景觀(guan)協調性(xing)(xing)，避免加(jia)固(gu)(gu)構件(jian)破壞橋梁(liang)美(mei)學特(te)征。

建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)注(zhu)意(yi)事(shi)項(xiang)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)是提升既有(you)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)使用(yong)功能(neng)(neng)的重(zhong)要手段，需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)遵循(xun)科學(xue)規范以(yi)確(que)保工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程質(zhi)(zhi)量和安(an)全(quan)。以(yi)下(xia)是關鍵注(zhu)意(yi)事(shi)項(xiang)：1.**前期檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)鑒(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)**加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)前必(bi)須委(wei)托機構(gou)(gou)(gou)進行(xing)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)與(yu)(yu)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)鑒(jian)(jian)定(ding)(ding)(ding)，明確(que)建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)現狀、病害(hai)原(yuan)因及承載(zai)能(neng)(neng)力(li)。需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)結(jie)(jie)合(he)原(yuan)始圖紙與(yu)(yu)現場(chang)實測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據，分(fen)析(xi)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)損傷程度(du)(du)(du)（如裂縫、腐蝕、變形等），作為加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)方案(an)制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的基礎(chu)依據。未(wei)經(jing)評估(gu)的盲目施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)可能(neng)(neng)引發(fa)二次安(an)全(quan)隱患。2.**結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)體(ti)系合(he)理(li)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)**加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)設(she)(she)計需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)遵循(xun)'整(zheng)體(ti)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)'原(yuan)則，避(bi)免僅局部補(bu)強。例如，新(xin)增構(gou)(gou)(gou)件應(ying)與(yu)(yu)原(yuan)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)可靠連接，新(xin)舊材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)力(li)學(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)適配；對薄弱部位（如梁柱節點、墻體(ti)開洞處(chu)(chu)）應(ying)重(zhong)點處(chu)(chu)理(li)。同時(shi)(shi)(shi)，需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)復(fu)核改(gai)造(zao)(zao)后結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)的抗(kang)震(zhen)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)，確(que)保符(fu)合(he)現行(xing)規范要求(qiu)。3.**材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)與(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)選擇(ze)**優(you)先選用(yong)高強、耐久且與(yu)(yu)原(yuan)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)相容的材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)（如碳(tan)纖維(wei)布、結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)膠(jiao)、混凝土）。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)匹配結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)類型，如粘鋼(gang)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)控制(zhi)(zhi)膠(jiao)層厚度(du)(du)(du)，植筋應(ying)滿足錨固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)深度(du)(du)(du)。嚴(yan)禁使用(yong)劣質(zhi)(zhi)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)或擅自簡(jian)化工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)前需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)進行(xing)材(cai)(cai)(cai)料(liao)復(fu)驗與(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)試驗。4.**施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全(quan)與(yu)(yu)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)**加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)過程需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)嚴(yan)格(ge)遵循(xun)'卸載(zai)-加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)-再(zai)加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)載(zai)'流程，蕪(wu)湖加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)，避(bi)免施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)荷(he)載(zai)超限導(dao)致結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)破壞(huai)。對承重(zhong)墻拆除、基礎(chu)托換等關鍵工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序，應(ying)實施(shi)動(dong)態(tai)監測(ce)(ce)(ce)（如沉降(jiang)、傾(qing)斜(xie)、應(ying)力(li)變化）。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)設(she)(she)置臨時(shi)(shi)(shi)支撐體(ti)系，并制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)(ding)(ding)應(ying)急預案(an)，防止突(tu)發(fa)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)坍塌。5.**合(he)規性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)功能(neng)(neng)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)協(xie)調**改(gai)造(zao)(zao)方案(an)需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)符(fu)合(he)城鄉規劃、消防及節能(neng)(neng)等規范，涉及結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)變動(dong)必(bi)須報建(jian)審(shen)批(pi)。同時(shi)(shi)(shi)需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)兼(jian)顧使用(yong)需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)求(qiu)，如優(you)化空間布局時(shi)(shi)(shi)避(bi)免過度(du)(du)(du)削弱結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)剛度(du)(du)(du)，新(xin)增設(she)(she)備荷(he)載(zai)需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)提前核算。改(gai)造(zao)(zao)后應(ying)進行(xing)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)驗收檢(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)，確(que)保達(da)到設(she)(she)計目標。加(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)(gu)改(gai)造(zao)(zao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程需(xu)(xu)(xu)(xu)統籌技術可行(xing)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、經(jing)濟性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)與(yu)(yu)社會(hui)效益，建(jian)議委(wei)托具備資質(zhi)(zhi)的團(tuan)隊實施(shi)，通過全(quan)過程精(jing)細化管控降(jiang)低風險。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)完成后應(ying)建(jian)立定(ding)(ding)(ding)期維(wei)護機制(zhi)(zhi)，延(yan)長建(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)使用(yong)壽命。

廠房(fang)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)流程（約450字(zi)）一、前期(qi)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)與評估(gu)1.委(wei)托檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)機(ji)(ji)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)對廠房(fang)進行檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)，包(bao)括(kuo)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)裂(lie)縫、混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)碳化深(shen)度、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)銹蝕率、基(ji)礎(chu)沉(chen)降等(deng)。2.采(cai)用回彈(dan)儀(yi)、鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)掃(sao)(sao)描儀(yi)等(deng)設(she)備檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)強度，通過三(san)維掃(sao)(sao)描建立建筑結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)模(mo)型(xing)(xing)。3.根(gen)據(ju)(ju)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)數據(ju)(ju)編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)評估(gu)報告，確定加(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)等(deng)級及技術(shu)路(lu)線。二、加(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)方(fang)案(an)設(she)計1.根(gen)據(ju)(ju)廠房(fang)使用功能(neng)、原結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)特點(dian)及檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)結(jie)(jie)果，選擇碳纖(xian)維加(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)、粘(zhan)(zhan)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)、外(wai)包(bao)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)或增(zeng)(zeng)大截面(mian)(mian)(mian)法等(deng)方(fang)案(an)。2.進行結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)承(cheng)載力驗(yan)算(suan)，繪制(zhi)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)節點(dian)詳(xiang)圖(tu)，明確新增(zeng)(zeng)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)與原結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)的連(lian)接方(fang)式(shi)。3.編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組織設(she)計，包(bao)含材料(liao)選型(xing)(xing)（如碳布(bu)等(deng)級、結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)膠(jiao)性能(neng)指標）、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)順序(xu)及應急預(yu)案(an)。三(san)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)準(zhun)備1.搭設(she)滿堂(tang)腳手架(jia)(jia)及安(an)全防護(hu)網，對需(xu)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)區域進行支撐卸荷(he)。2.混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)(mian)處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)：剔除疏松層至堅實基(ji)面(mian)(mian)(mian)，采(cai)用角磨(mo)機(ji)(ji)進行拉毛處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)，轉角處(chu)打磨(mo)成圓弧狀。3.預(yu)埋化學錨栓或種植鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)，鉆(zhan)孔后使用吹風機(ji)(ji)清理(li)(li)(li)孔內(nei)粉塵。四(si)、主(zhu)要(yao)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)1.碳纖(xian)維加(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)：涂刷底層樹脂→刮平膩(ni)子→粘(zhan)(zhan)貼碳布(bu)→滾壓排氣→多層粘(zhan)(zhan)貼時(shi)重復(fu)(fu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)序(xu)。2.粘(zhan)(zhan)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)：鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)板除銹處(chu)理(li)(li)(li)→預(yu)安(an)裝定位(wei)→灌(guan)注(zhu)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)膠(jiao)→加(jia)(jia)壓固(gu)(gu)(gu)化。3.外(wai)包(bao)鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)加(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)：角鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)與綴板焊接成框架(jia)(jia)→灌(guan)注(zhu)環(huan)氧灌(guan)漿(jiang)料(liao)→涂刷防銹漆。4.新增(zeng)(zeng)混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)：植筋(jin)→綁扎鋼(gang)(gang)(gang)筋(jin)→支模(mo)→澆筑微膨脹混凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)→養護(hu)28天。五、質(zhi)量驗(yan)收(shou)1.采(cai)用敲擊(ji)法檢(jian)(jian)查空鼓率（≤5%），拉拔儀(yi)檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)粘(zhan)(zhan)結(jie)(jie)強度（≥2.5MPa）。2.測(ce)(ce)(ce)量加(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)后結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)變形(xing)量，復(fu)(fu)核(he)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)尺寸偏差(cha)（±3mm以內(nei)）。3.整(zheng)理(li)(li)(li)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程影像資料(liao)，編(bian)(bian)制(zhi)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)圖(tu)紙和檢(jian)(jian)測(ce)(ce)(ce)報告。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中需(xu)特別注(zhu)意：對承(cheng)重構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)實施(shi)(shi)動態監測(ce)(ce)(ce)，避開設(she)備運行時(shi)段作業(ye)，嚴格把控結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)膠(jiao)固(gu)(gu)(gu)化環(huan)境(jing)（溫度15-25℃，濕(shi)度≤70%）。加(jia)(jia)固(gu)(gu)(gu)完成后需(xu)進行3個(ge)月沉(chen)降觀測(ce)(ce)(ce)，確保結(jie)(jie)構(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)(gou)安(an)全穩定。