噴(pen)(pen)(pen)灌是(shi)利用(yong)機械與(yu)動(dong)(dong)力設備從(cong)水(shui)源(yuan)取水(shui)加(jia)壓，或利用(yong)天然落(luo)差使(shi)(shi)水(shui)經管(guan)(guan)道系統(tong)(tong)通過噴(pen)(pen)(pen)頭噴(pen)(pen)(pen)向空(kong)中，使(shi)(shi)水(shui)成(cheng)雨滴狀(zhuang)降(jiang)落(luo)田(tian)間的(de)一種方法。噴(pen)(pen)(pen)灌系統(tong)(tong)由水(shui)源(yuan)、進水(shui)管(guan)(guan)、水(shui)泵站、輸水(shui)管(guan)(guan)道（干管(guan)(guan)和支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)）、豎管(guan)(guan)、管(guan)(guan)路(lu)附件及(ji)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)頭等(deng)組成(cheng)。有3種類(lei)型，即(ji)固定(ding)(ding)式(shi)(shi)、半固定(ding)(ding)式(shi)(shi)和移(yi)動(dong)(dong)式(shi)(shi)。固定(ding)(ding)式(shi)(shi)除噴(pen)(pen)(pen)頭外其余(yu)全(quan)部是(shi)固定(ding)(ding)的(de)，干管(guan)(guan)和支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)多埋在地下。半固定(ding)(ding)式(shi)(shi)的(de)噴(pen)(pen)(pen)頭和支(zhi)管(guan)(guan)可移(yi)動(dong)(dong)。

滴(di)灌(guan)是利用一(yi)套(tao)專門的設備，把有(you)壓(ya)水(shui)(shui)（可(ke)由水(shui)(shui)泵加(jia)壓(ya)或利用地(di)(di)(di)形(xing)落差(cha)所產(chan)生的壓(ya)力）經過(guo)濾后，福州水(shui)(shui)肥(fei)一(yi)體化灌(guan)溉，通(tong)過(guo)各級輸水(shui)(shui)管(guan)(guan)網（包括干管(guan)(guan)（主管(guan)(guan)）、支管(guan)(guan)、毛管(guan)(guan)和閘閥等）到(dao)滴(di)頭(tou)，水(shui)(shui)自滴(di)頭(tou)以(yi)點滴(di)方式直(zhi)接(jie)緩慢地(di)(di)(di)滴(di)入作物根際土(tu)壤。水(shui)(shui)滴(di)入土(tu)后，借助垂力入滲，在(zai)滴(di)頭(tou)下方形(xing)成很小的飽和區(qu)，再向四周逐漸擴散至作物根系發達區(qu)。滴(di)灌(guan)技術zui基(ji)本的原理是在(zai)一(yi)個十(shi)分有(you)限的土(tu)壤區(qu)域(yu)內盡可(ke)能多次地(di)(di)(di)供給果樹所必需的留水(shui)(shui)分。

滴(di)(di)(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)用專(zhuan)門的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)道系(xi)統和(he)設備將(jiang)(jiang)低壓(ya)水(shui)送(song)到灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)地(di)段并緩(huan)慢(man)地(di)滴(di)(di)(di)(di)到作(zuo)物(wu)根(gen)部土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)種灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)方(fang)法(fa)滴(di)(di)(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)是按照作(zuo)物(wu)需(xu)水(shui)要(yao)(yao)求，通(tong)過低壓(ya)管(guan)道系(xi)統與安(an)裝在毛管(guan)上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)器(qi)，將(jiang)(jiang)水(shui)和(he)作(zuo)物(wu)需(xu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)養分一(yi)(yi)滴(di)(di)(di)(di)一(yi)(yi)滴(di)(di)(di)(di)，水(shui)肥一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)電話，均勻而又緩(huan)慢(man)地(di)滴(di)(di)(di)(di)入(ru)作(zuo)物(wu)根(gen)區土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)法(fa)。滴(di)(di)(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)不(bu)破壞土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)結構，水(shui)肥一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)施工(gong)， ?滴(di)(di)(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)系(xi)統示(shi)意圖土(tu)壤(rang)(rang)(rang)內部水(shui)、肥、氣、熱經常(chang)保持(chi)適宜于作(zuo)物(wu)生(sheng)長的(de)(de)(de)良好狀況，蒸發損失小，不(bu)產(chan)生(sheng)di面徑流，幾(ji)乎沒有深(shen)層(ceng)滲漏，是一(yi)(yi)種省水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式。滴(di)(di)(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)特點是量(liang)小，每小時流量(liang)為2-12升(sheng)，因(yin)此，泉州水(shui)肥一(yi)(yi)體(ti)化(hua)(hua)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)溉(gai)，一(yi)(yi)次延續時間(jian)較長，的(de)(de)(de)周期短(duan)，可以做到小水(shui)勤灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)；需(xu)要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)壓(ya)力(li)低，能夠(gou)較準確地(di)控制水(shui)量(liang)，可減(jian)少(shao)無效的(de)(de)(de)棵間(jian)蒸發，不(bu)會造(zao)成水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)浪(lang)費；滴(di)(di)(di)(di)灌(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)還能自(zi)動化(hua)(hua)管(guan)理。